Academic Writing Styles Overview

Part 1 (a)

Academic writing styles refers to formats that are used by authors in defining their intellectual boundaries and expertise. An example of such style is persuasive writing style which is a type of academic style where the author tries to influence the reader. It contains all features of analytical writing and additional personal point of view (Shivram et al., 2012). This forms most of the research articles where elements such conclusions and discussion are involved. The research point of view may include recommendations, interpretations, findings and arguments which are mostly supported by evidence. For those seeking literature review dissertation help, understanding these styles and how to apply them effectively can enhance the quality of their work.

In addition, narrative writing refers to a writing style where the author narrates a story. This could be a fiction or fact. It is one of the most common types of writings in academics which involve telling a story about real life situation, personal experience etc. Book report are also considered narrative writing though they don’t follow the pattern used in storytelling (Van, 2011). Though, this style has no clear format to follow, there is a need for a body, an introduction, and conclusion in the writing. The language used in this writing is imaginary or descriptive which influence the reader to imagine the scene, character, and setting.

Descriptive writing is a category of writing that uses the five senses of human to create a picture in the mind of the reader. It incorporates specific details and imaginations. It is the simplest writing styles which purpose to create facts of information. It is important to remember that, this writing does not generally express an idea but conveys a deeper meaning to the reader.

Lastly, analytical writing is a style used in academic writing to indicate the relationship between pieces of information. The style requires one to compare, contrast, evaluate and assess a piece of information. It has elements of descriptive writing though it is well organized into different sections. Its structure is based on ordering main ideas in relation to each other and usually utilize evidence from different sources. These writing styles enables an individual to have knowledge on how to organize his work, think critically and improve research and writing skills.

Part 1 (b)-Introduction

Factors That Create Violence in Children

Violence is the use of physical force intentionally against another individual or oneself that ultimately result in psychological harm, death, injury or mal-development. Globally, in 2013, violence resulted in the death of almost 1.28 million people (Duvvury et al., 2013). Children as young as elementary school kids sometimes indicate violent behaviour. Parents who witness these behaviours may sometimes ignore and hope that as these children grow up, they will change. There is a range of violent behaviour in children such as harms to animals, threats, bullying, and explosive temper. There is no single explanation that is given to explain the cause of this behaviour. There are many factors that Cause violence in children. This indicates that, the more these factors are availed to the children’s environment, the more likely the children will commit an act of violence. Some of these factors include genes, violence exposure, poor parenting among others (DiLalla, 2017). This paper discusses factors that create violence in children.

Part 2- Section 1

Literature Review

Article One

Ferguson (2010), conducted a quantitative research on the contribution of genetics to antisocial behaviour and personality. The study indicated that, evidence from behavioural genetics show that there is a significant link between genetics and antisocial behaviour. This study reviewed scientific research from the field of psychology, medicine as well as criminal justice with aim of incorporating important information which links genetics to antisocial behaviour. The findings were that 56% of all variance in behaviour which was antisocial could be explained via genetics, 11% resulted because of non-genetic factors which were shared and 31 % was because of unique genome influence. This clearly indicates genetics as a factor that has a great influence on the violence in children.

Article Two

Additionally, Duke et al. (2010), conducted a quantitative study on adolescent violence perpetration. This study was aimed to link adverse experiences in childhood with some functional impairment and loss of life in adolescents. Data was collected from 136,549 students in the sixth grade, ninth grade, and twelfth grade in 2007. An anonymous youth self-report survey was conducted to examine the behaviour and perception and socializing domain characterization. Linear and logistic regression models were utilized to estimate the six categories of extreme experience that were associated with adolescent violence perpetration. The results were that, one on four youths (28.9%), had at once experienced abuse. Most common instances were from alcohol abuse by member of their family. This was linked to adolescent violence such as dating violence and bullying. There are several types of extreme experience in children that cause children to be violent.

Article Three

Margolin et al. (2010) conducted a quantitative study on violence exposure in multiple interpersonal domain. The research was aimed at examining the dose-response effect of violence and if the separate interpersonal domain of exposure has different outcomes. The study utilized reports of children and parents, of Youth-Violence from 103 community-based families. The results indicated that family aggression resulted in anxiety, and youth to parent aggression resulted in somatic aggression and complaints. The three results contributed to academic failure. Violence increased the risk of violence in children by 50% and increased somatic complaints resulted in 10-25% of violence in children. Which indicate violence exposure to children violence.

Part 2- Section 2

Article One

Furthermore, Tyler et al. (2011), conducted a quantitative research on the effect of poor parenting on male and female dating violence victimization as well as perpetration. This study was conducted on nine hundred males and females from the national longitudinal survey of adolescent health. The results indicated that, low parenting worth and physical abuse were associated with substance abuse and high dating violence. The study strongly links poor parenting to an instance of violence, especially to children and adolescence.

Article Two

DeBoard-Lucas and Grych (2011), conducted a qualitative research which focused on the perception of kids to intimate violence of partners. Parental interaction dictates the children emotions and development. This research included a semi-structured interview to estimate the thoughts and feelings of thirty-four children aged seven to twelve years whose mothers were regularly involved in domestic violence. The results indicate that, children had a concentration on why a violence occurred. The result indicated that children try to understand the cause and consequences of inter-parental violence. It was also shown that, children believed in the use of violence in close relationships. As per the research, their children believed that the use of violence is one of the ways to solve conflict thus leading themselves being violent

Article Three

Straus et al. (2013) studied the primordial violence in a qualitative research. The study used longitudinal data from seven thousand United States families and results from 32 states’ study. The result indicates that there is a link between corporal punishment and slowing of intellectual development which seem to increase antisocial behaviours. This study recommended for reduction in the use of spanking. Lastly, Corporal punishment is linked to an increased instance of violence in children.

Discussion

Violence as per the American psychological association is defined as an extreme mode of aggression. Some of the violence that is witnessed in children today are fighting, school shooting, and homicides (Grossman & DeGaetano, 2014). For parents and other associated parties to understand the cause of violence in children life, there is a need to understand the factors that cause violence in children. Violence in children results to death, injury and negative coping and health-related behaviours.

A research conducted by Ferguson (2010) on the contribution of genetics to antisocial behaviour and personality, showed a significant relation between genetics and antisocial behaviour. This study reviewed scientific research from the field of psychology, medicine as well as criminal justice with aim of incorporating important information which links genetics to antisocial behaviour. The report found out that, 56% of all variance in antisocial personality can be explained through genetics, 11% was because of non-genetic influence which were shared and 31 % was because of genetic influence which was unique. This indicates that only 44% of the variance in antisocial behaviour could not be closely linked to genetics. The research is a strong evidence that, genetic factors cause violence in children. Another study found that children of antisocial parents had more chances of becoming antisocial too. This suggests hereditary factors in youth violence (Lee et al., 2011)

Nevertheless, Duke et al. (2010) researched on adolescent violence perpetration. The data was collected from 136,549 leaners at the sixth grade, ninth grade, and twelfth grade in 2007. An anonymous youth self-report survey was conducted to examine the behaviour and perception and socializing domain characterization. The results indicated that one on four youths (28.9%), had one extreme experience in childhood. The adverse experience was linked to adolescent violence such as weapon carrying in school and self-violence. Every additional type of extreme experience other than alcohol abuse, increased the risk of violence perpetration increased from 35% to 144%. This indicates that, a quarter of the examined children had extreme experience of abuse by household family. This indicates that children who had more than one adverse experience had more chances of being violent.

To understand the violence exposure in multiple interpersonal domain, Margolin et al. (2010) undertook a quantitative study that was aimed at determining the dose-response effect of violence to explore. The study utilized reports of children and parents of youth violence from 103 community-based families. The resulted indicated that marriage aggression contributed to anxiety and youth to parent aggression resulted in somatic aggression and complaints. Violence increased the risk of violence in children by 50% and increased somatic complaints resulted in 10-25% of violence in children. The study indicates that there is a strong link between marital aggression and children violence. This domestic violence created 50% somatic complaints and aggression. Another research indicates that, sixty percent of children in US are exposed to violence at home, school, and community and this made them have emotional harm, and lasting physiological damage which could result to them being more violent (Finkelhor et al., 2015).

As per Tyler et al. (2011), low parenting worth and physical abuse were linked to greater substance abuse and high dating violence. The study strongly links poor parenting to an instance of violence, especially to children and adolescence. Another study by Lebrun (2011) on children in Crisis strongly link poor parenting to an increased instance of violence in children. Such instances of poor parenting includes harsh discipline and being neglected.

On a study conducted by DeBoard-Lucas and Grych (2011) on the perception of children to intimate partner violence, children showed a high concentration on why violence occurred. This indicated that, children try to understand the cause and consequences of inter-parental violence. Furthermore, there was a high possibility of children imitating their parents in the mode of solving conflicts. This is to mean, if parents were violent in their way of solving the conflict, children were too likely to adopt this character.

The primordial violence study that studied seven thousand US families and results from 32 states, showed that, there is a link between corporal punishment and slowing of intelligence development and this results to increased antisocial and criminal behaviours. As per the study, violent dealing with children could possibly make them adapt to violence when dealing with other people. Families that violently abuse their children are characterized by minimal social exchange and this affects the psychology of children which indicates the possibility of these children developing antisocial behaviour and later being violent (Melnyk et al., 2011).

Conclusion

Violence is the use of physical force intentionally against another individual or oneself that ultimately result in psychological harm, death, and injury. Some of the violence that is witnessed in children today include fighting, school shooting, and homicides. As per the study, there are very many factors that cause children to be violent such as genetics and environment. In addition, there are suggestions that link genes to violence in children. For instance, children of parents who have antisocial behaviour automatically become violent. Another factor associated with violence in children is poor parenting which indicates that harsh punishment and violence increase the chances of children being violent. Exposure to violence has also indicated to influence the behaviour of children when it comes to matters of violence. Child who is exposed to violence is likely to engage to violence themselves. To reduce violence in children, there is a need to reduce the factors that cause violence in children. Measures should be put in place to reduce cases of violence at home and children environment.

References

DeBoard-Lucas, R.L. and Grych, J.H., 2011. Children’s perceptions of intimate partner violence: Causes, consequences, and coping. Journal of Family Violence, 26(5), p.343.

DiLalla, L.F., 2017. Behaviour genetics of aggression in children: Review and future directions. In Biosocial Theories of Crime (pp. 153-182). Routledge.

Duke, N.N., Pettingell, S.L., McMorris, B.J. and Borowsky, I.W., 2010. Adolescent violence perpetration: associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Paediatrics, pp.peds-2009.

Duvvury, N., Callan, A., Carney, P. and Raghavendra, S., 2013. Intimate partner violence: Economic costs and implications for growth and development.

Ferguson, C.J., 2010. Genetic contributions to antisocial personality and behaviour: A meta-analytic review from an evolutionary perspective. The Journal of social psychology, 150(2), pp.160-180.

Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Shattuck, A., Hamby, S. and Kracke, K., 2015. Children's exposure to violence, crime, and abuse: An update. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Grossman, D. and DeGaetano, G., 2014. Stop teaching our kids to kill: A call to action against TV, movie and video game violence. Harmony.

Lebrun, M., 2011. Children in Crisis: Violence, Victims, and Victories. Rowman & Littlefield.

Margolin, G., Vickerman, K.A., Oliver, P.H. and Gordis, E.B., 2010. Violence exposure in multiple interpersonal domains: Cumulative and differential effects. Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(2), pp.198-205.

Melnyk, B.M. and Fineout-Overholt, E. eds., 2011. Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Shivram, A., Ramaiah, C., Porwal, U. and Govindaraju, V., 2012, September. Modelling writing styles for online writer identification: A hierarchical Bayesian approach. In 2012 International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (ICFHR 2012) (pp. 387-392). IEEE.

Straus, M.A., Douglas, E.M. and Medeiros, R.A., 2013. The primordial violence: Spanking children, psychological development, violence, and crime. Routledge.

Tyler, K.A., Brownridge, D.A. and Melander, L.A., 2011. The effect of poor parenting on male and female dating violence perpetration and victimization.

Van, J., 2011. Tales of the field: On writing ethnography. University of Chicago Press.