Innovative Solutions for Energy Management

Chapter 1: Introduction

Solving open-ended issues is arguably the vital aspect of the engineering endeavor. Employers seek for engineers that can depict effective ways of dealing with issues that pertain engineering and the efforts of the engineers’ demands that effort and multi-faceted factors can be used to deal with issues effectively. In Power and energy management in a building management control system, there are issues that consistently need designs to rectify as there is a significant increase in power consumption in modern society identifies Martirano (2011). In buildings, the power consumption entails a large portion of the entire energy consumed as well as the systematic methods required so that it can be managed effectively. Some of the issues that need to be rectified are increased pollution of the environment and excessive use of energy depleting the sources thus leading to power outages. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to apply the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an evaluation tool for decision making and stakeholders’ discussion in identify proposals that can be adopted in modern buildings and society that calls for adoption of advanced technology to enhance energy efficiency. Note that buildings are the greatest consumers of energy comprising of over forty per cent of basic energy, despite the adoption of international standard of ISO 50001 that specifies guidelines for establishing, implementing, maintain and fostering an Energy Management System that draws from best practices across the globe, where over fifty states have adopted Ahmad et al. (2016) identifies. This paper proposes study methodologies on building energy management methods by applying energy prediction model and analyzes its efficiency in reducing pollution and reducing wastage and a suggestion like an Adaptive Energy Consumption Prediction Algorithm that can be applied on actual buildings. The results might indicate a five per cent rate of efficiency reduction on an annual electricity consumption rate.

Ethics Code and Professional Conduct

In this project, the intention is to identify a method unto which greenhouse gases and energy wastage can be minimized within the building power management control systems. Thus in such a project, actual information will be provided to justify the possibility of meeting the objectives. Therefore, in this project, technical previously used in power management systems will be highlighted to determine the rightness and feasibility of the study. Proposed methodologies are in line with previous power management and building management control system that not only have economic [profit but also show substantial environmental good by reducing pollution and minimizing energy waste to make such a study valuable are not a risk to people.

Project Theme- Reliability

The theme of the project is to focus on multiple power-based building management control system mitigating pollution and energy wastage that calls for a design and application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model on the power and energy management on building management control systems. Basically, according to Cabeza et al. (2014), it is meant to cover the concepts of basic reliability engineering, like power system spinning reverse, kind of load curves and their objectives and benefits, the electrical power exchange as well as the system operational circumscriptions. Hurtado et al. (2013) outline that reliability in engineering is meant to track the production of power losses as well as abnormally cost of maintenance of the building management system, then identify the manner to minimize losses or minimize pollution of the environment. These losses and pollution are prioritized to focus effort on the most vital opportunities. It ask for partnership with various stakeholders, where a plan is developed in efforts to eliminate losses’ and reduce pollution via a root cause analysis, acquire approval of the plan and foster the implementation. Another role the reliability engineering according to Verma et al. (2010) is that there must be efforts projected towards management of risk to the attainment of an organization’s strategic objective in the areas of environmental health and safety, asset quality, capability and production. Therefore in Reliability Engineering, the following instrument are applied to mitigate risk, and include, preliminary hazard analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, critically analysis, simplified failure modes and effect analysis, maintainability information, fault tree analysis and event tree analysis. In this particular report, Erlandsson and Borg (2003) argue that Life Cycle Assessment will be applied on the Power and energy management in a building management control system. Researchers have identified that as much as ninety-five per cent of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) or Total Cost Ownership (TCO) of the building management system is determined before it is put into use. It depicts the need for Reliability Engineering to be part of the design and installation stages of projects during the construction of a new building as well as the modification of a building.

It is also vital to align building engineering objectives with the goals of the business so as to foster and root out wasted energy as well as money according to Zhao et al. (2012). Therefore, for a reliable engineering project on Power and energy management in a building management control system, a preventive maintenance is supposed to be institutionalized in current building structures that foster engineering. Therefore, there is no time that maintenance practices should not be questioned that affect system reliability. It has been identified that up to fifty per cent of unplanned downtime take place is frameworks that were initially services within a week as research indicate in electrical systems. So if the objective is the preventive maintenance program is actually to curb building systems interruptions, thus engineering is fostered to promote approaches for maintenance. It is important to note that reliability-centered maintenance is much more than just another way to do maintenance. In an analysis, Verma et al. (2010) claim that it is a manner of examining performance of a building management system in term of its impact of a failure and then mitigates those results by design, detection of effective maintenance. However, by looking at why preventive maintenance on pollution and wastage of energy in building systems does not cut it, certainly, all building energy systems require good basic maintenance that entail filter changes, cleaning, lubrication, as well as inspection, is vital for extending the existence of the building energy system. According to Wheeler (2007), preventive maintenance would therefore call for replacement of components after a lengthy time so as to extend the operating life of the system. Thence, a lot of facilities energy tools have failure features that have high incidence of failure, followed by a lower, constant probability of failure, then followed by wear-out zone where pollution or energy wastage can be accounted thus reliability of the mitigation maintenance must be identified in this concept of Preventive Maintenance depicted in the figure below;

Aim and Objective of the Report

The aim of this project is to manage pollution and energy wastages within the power and energy management in a building management control system by focusing on the role of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a professional engineer. Various engineering functions are analyzed on how the power and energy management in a building management control system impact on the environment while linking reliable design with the responsibilities placed upon a professional engineer like me.

Project Monitoring and Planning

The Building Management System is a computer-based framework that is designed to assist in monitoring, controlling, measuring and optimizing energy and power consumption needs of a building. The framework is a connection of different systems like lighting and plant room equipment, and different buildings have varying power consumption levels. The largest consumers are the commercial and residential buildings, which is a significantly influenced by the time spent indoors. Building management system, thence tend to be very significant tools to assist manage and control the energy needs of a building. Currently, Almeshaiei and Soltan (2011) research that engineers are trying to improve efficiency, bearing in mind that electrical power makes up about half of energy expenditure across all industries. Thus, identifying methods to monitor and plan since it is hard to change energy consumption habits and even harder to verify energy management expenditure or program success without first comprehending how power is being applied within particular building processes. Therefore, according to an article by Schear (2016)there are three methods and plan unto which have been previous and still employed to monitor and plan in mitigating energy wastage and minimizing greenhouse emission in residential and commercial buildings;

1. Application of Historical Data as a Baseline

The lack of historical view of energy consumption and effects on the environment, it can be incredibly hard to gauge the progress of energy management programs in buildings or to correctly measure the success. For instance, in a case where an investment had been made to foster Heating, Ventilation and air conditioning (H-VAC) controls during the springs, it tend to be quite hard to justify the energy wasted and pollution to the surrounding environment following the summer months when cooling systems are depended on more heavily. So, without waiting for a whole year to compare data, how can a building power and energy system manager tap into electrical and energy system data to prove the influence of energy efficiency? There are gateway devices that assist users create and export activity logs based on alarm history or device data in chart, graph or table format by applying historical data. As a result, users can efficiently access year-over year statistics for particular building energy and power systems to determine the impact it has on the environment and its level of wastage. Notwithstanding most buildings are equipped with equipment from several manufacturers, several gateways apply open communication architecture and develop a unified view of power or energy system. This capacity allows facility manager to collect power and energy data from various equipment and access that information from a single point and offers a means to store historical data for in-depth analysis.

Taking a deeper look into the Power or Energy System

By simply having a power or energy data on a particular circuit or load from the meter does not offer all the data needed to manage power consumption and reduce wastage or and pollution across a systems and building. But by using gateways to monitor energy information from particular power systems, it tends to be easier so as to single out particular aspects of energy-hogging tool. The status of all linked devices is accessible within a single dashboard, making checking health and performance easy and quick. Not only is the data easy to access via any web browser that also fosters remote monitoring, but there exist more aspects available that can speed up installation and lower integration costs via plug-and-play integration.

3. Consolidate Energy Information Using Gateways

Energy and power consumption analysis and quantification can be applied to identify an effective energy management strategy and to validate if it functional. The uses of intelligent metering devices make it possible for the personnel to view in-depth power and energy data, nonetheless, users are still needed to tap into data on device-by-device basis. If information requires to be manually fetched and organized for evaluation, it tend to be quite hard to develop a comprehensive outlook for facility energy usage, This vital process can be made easy by use of devices depicted as gateways. These flexible data aggregation solutions offer a method to fetch electrical parameters and composite information from electrical equipment such as relays, circuits, meters as swell as circuit breakers trip unit into a framework that can be supervised and managed more easily.

Chosen Method to Monitor and Meet

The fact that buildings are responsible for forty per cent global energy use and contribution to thirty per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions, the drive to reduce energy wastage and associated greenhouse gas emission from bu8ldings has acted as a catalyst in the increasing installation of meters and sensors for monitoring energy used and indoor environmental conditions in buildings. In this case, a Gantt chart can be a method to graphically indicate progress of a project. Management of a project is made easier if it is viewed in minimal management items where the dependencies are visually illustrated parallel processes are identified, the overall processing time determined and progress tracking. It is vital to note that such as energy and power management in building systems project can be quite complex and dependent on one another. But with a project management tool such as Gantt chart, all sub tasks can be viewed graphically. Some of the elements of the Gantt chart according to Gilmore (2012) entail;

Timeline: The time line will run horizontally across the top of the Gantt chart and will display the period, may be in form of days, weeks ,months and years depending on the period unto which the building management will be accessing and reading data of the quantity of energy consumed in that particular building. It will make it easy to identify the progress of the project schedules stacks up over time.

Task List: A project is supposed to be made up of tasks, and related task can be organized in groups or sub groups. In a Gantt chart, they are normally listed vertically down the left side of the chart. In this power management in building management system, the tasks would entail; fuel types applied in the utility, patterns of energy type used the utility rate or the energy and demand rates, the effects of weather on energy consumption. These tasks are the one whose data is collected over a period of time to determine the consumption rate in identifying the energy wasted and the quantity of pollution levels.

Bars: At the right hand side of the Gantt chart, there are group and task bars that correspond to the group and task names. Each bar represents when the task will begin and also indicates the per cent of completion. Gantt charts are specifically significant for this project on energy and power management in building management systems, where engineers like me would want to visualize how long the project will take and how the work is progressed along the way.

Milestones: This is a vital goal, event, or deliverables in this particular project, such as the kickoff of the analysis or the deadline. By application of the milestone in this power and energy management to determine the pollution levels and energy wastage in building systems and aid in monitoring the progress and identify where efforts have failed to be met in reduction of these two issues.

Dependencies: A dependency connects tasks together to make sure work gets done in the right manner. In this case, this project will entail review of the weather patterns, determination of the energy used per unit, and alternative energy used in the building can be the dependencies that link the major tasks conducted. It is indicated in a light gray line that links the tasks in the Gantt chart.

Project Plan

In this section, there is an outline on how the determination of energy wasted and pollution by power systems in building management systems. It is a key factor in deciding the inflation levels in energy costs as a significant factor in economic activities at per with the factors of energy production. There have been cases of energy shortages and this imperative situation calls for energy conservation measures, which essentially means using less energy for the same sizes of buildings or the use of either commercial or residential buildings. Therefore, the intention in this project is to; identify the power/energy consumption rates assess present patterns of energy consumption in various units of a building relate energy inputs and consumption rates Highlight energy/power wastages in major areas Fixing of energy saving potential targets Implement measures for energy/power conservation and realization of savings. The following are phases that indicate the stagers unto which the project will be done. These stages will entail the conferences or interactions, and they include;

Phase I

In this phase, there will be collection of information or operational parameters, power consumption both electrical and normal via questionnaire on consumers of the same energy within the building. A study is also conducted on the existing power system within the building energy management system capacities and the performance to evaluate the system operations. Thirdly, a research is undertaken on particular energy consumption, both electrical and thermal systems installed in building units or floors, depending on the form of building, which could be a commercial building or residential building. In the same phase, a study will be conducted on the distribution system of the power from the electrical power systems to the drive controls, load factor and efficiency of power usage. Requisite data will be collected that will be analyzed via Gantt chart in identification of the particular areas of consumption and conservation of energy within the building. To arrive to the exact figures, there must be field measurements of operational parameters as well as heat and mass balance are carried out. Out of these data, then it will be possible to study the limitations that might have occurred in the optimal use of energy within the building and consequently the resultant data on pollution and energy wastage. Further, recommendations will be formulated along a broad system concept of conservation of energy and reduction of levels of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from energy wastage and pollution of the immediate environment.

Phase II

To ascertain the results and recommendations, following up of the building systems would require some upgrade and most importantly the clients would have to be part of the recommendations and implementations. Therefore, assistance needed from the client side would entail; as a nominated engineer, I will coordinate the clients using the building in provision of relevant data, and record concern the equipment and several other information needed during the course of energy. As and when needed, the team I will be working with will make visits in the building, thus arrangement of entry pass and gate pass for instruments carried by our team.

Project Feasibility Study

Studies by Liu et al. (2014) have noted that over 75% of buildings in Europe are not energy efficient, thus, increasing the quality and energy efficiency of refurbishments offers a huge energy saving and greenhouse mitigation opportunity. Further from the 2010 Energy Performance of Building Directives of e of Europe calls for determination of a building energy performance at the design stage, as well as the display of its energy performance indicators and its energy performance certificate at the operational stage. While automation of energy and it control of building systems and the management of energy or power is a standard practice, there is a need to address Energy management control systems, due to a significant increase in power consumption in modern society living and operating its businesses in commercial and residential buildings as studies by Gangolells et al. (2015). Note that the power consumption of buildings comprises a large proportion of the whole energy consumption and systematic method are needed so that to achieve effective management controls the population increases and calling for increase in energy demands, consequently leading to pollutant emissions and energy wastages. It is obvious that the behavior of the building’s user have a direct influence on the building energy use, hence the Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS), it is vital to not only consider human-in-the-loop models but most importantly on fostering energy systems in buildings to comply with the needs to rectify the energy wastage and pollution of the environment as studies by Manic et al. (2016) suggest. This is after a 20% of all the energy used in commercial and residential buildings in the United Kingdom is estimated that 30% of it is wasted, bearing in mind that is an expense of business operations and dwelling as well as the productivity of people is the actual objective. Majority of the energy on national average in the UK is used in cooling and heating Ahmad et al. (2016) researches, and it holds a specific in lighting, water usage and heating, electronic equipment, refrigeration, cooking and several other accounts for the remaining energy being utilized in most buildings. In efforts to save a minimal percentage in an area, such as climate control, which entails a bigger percentage of total energy consumption, will in most case offer a higher return on investment. Note that saving at least 10% on climate control could have a vital bigger effect on the bottom line. Zhu et al. (2013) identifies that in addressing the pollution accounted by energy consumption in both commercial and residential buildings. Buildings across the globe are responsible for both indoor and outdoor air pollution. According to Zuraimi et al. (2006), built environment both operational and construction phase cannot be underestimated since at least 39% of the energy related carbon emission are attributed to building majorly in Cities like London and those surrounding. 28% of this pollution is from buildings in operation, predominantly for heating and cooling as well as lighting. Energy used in majorly influenced by the quality of building envelope. One major cause of the indoor emissions originates from emissions from excess use of power energy for cooking and heating causing indoor pollution which are occupier activities. The additional 11% of carbon emission are attributed to emissions embodied in the construction process, which has a well catalogued effect in the environment from waste generation, dust creation, water use as well as greenhouse gas emissions.

Project Risk and Risk Mitigation

Risks

There are a number of risks that may affect the realization of the project on Reduction of pollution and energy wastage on power and energy management in a building management control system. According to Zuraimi et al. (2006), these risks include external risks such as those involved in the building such as power companies, whose assistance would be highly depended brings a high degree of risk in the execution of the project. The second risk is the execution risk and arises from lack of support from the owners of the building as well as the users of the building. Thirdly, technology has been increasing by bounds and leaps and in this particular project, latest technology is vital for implementation and in a case where the owner of the building is unable to acquire a technological equipment to reduce energy wastage and reduction of pollution due to factors such as finances. Fourthly, there is a risk of regulation and rules that are set by the local authorities and other governmental bodies that need to be abided by them so that order to maintain a healthy relationship with the bodies as outlined by an article ProjectPractical (n.d). There are times when strict rules are set for project indulged in global trade practices, such as those of environmental protocols and objectives that the project intend to meet.

Risk Mitigation

An Engineering Handbook by the name International Council on Systems Engineering (INSCOSE) of (2010) points out that it is important to first familiarize with the structure, the stakeholders of the building by sharing the key terms and as well as the key parties involved in the maintenance of the building. The acknowledgment of the presence of these parties that might make the project difficult to achieve the objective, and making deliberate decision to accept and induct the parties of the purpose and the benefits they would attain in the process, would facilitate the commencement of the project. Lewry (n.d) on ‘Energy Management and Building Controls’ argue that it is important to adjust the requirement of the project’s program to fit the availability of the parties that will be affected so as to reduce the risk of lack of support. A study by GLobaleye (2013) adds that this adjustment could be accommodated by the change of schedule, or technical requirements. During implementation, the technological devices that will be used must be human friendly and affordable to us as well as the stakeholders of the building in improving the power building system. It is also important to familiarize with the regulations put in place to govern usability and maintenance of commercial or residential buildings power systems. Once you comply with these guidelines and offer or reassign organizational accountability, responsibility as well as authority to all stakeholders involved, then the risk will be reduced to minimal levels argue Kaur and Singh (2018). According to MITRE Corporation on ‘Risk Mitigation Planning, Implementation, and Progress Monitoring’ (n.d), it is important to also offer the same stakeholders the environment to monitor for changes that would affect the nature or the impact of the project involved in advancement of the building power system managements. Below is a simple chart depicting risk management fundamentals that can be adopted in an energy management system in meeting objectives of a related project;

Methodology

The project focused on innovative approach to the analysis of the energy consumption and reduction of wastage and pollution of residential and commercial buildings. Initially, in Europe traditional data compilation are normally used, such as interviews and surveys as well as statistical analysis, like data comparison with performance indicator, has offered information that is detailed, correct conclusion regarding the wastage of energy and pollution as its effect in modern commercial and residential building systems. However in this project there are effective and smart energy management systems (EMS), linked with predictive analytics as well as Internet of Things (IoT) which are an ideal solution to address these issues of energy wastage and pollution as well as the management of energy in building systems as researched by Wei and Li (2011). Therefore, in this particular project, there are three main methodologies of study proposed by testguy (2016) that will enable the identification and acquisition of the intended objectives, and they entail; acceptance test, routine maintenance test and special maintenance test.

Acceptance Test

It is also known as commissioning tests, which is accepting to test the existing power systems in the building, which are already installed. The testing of these systems is to determine the energy wasted and the resultant pollution of the electrical equipment within the applicable standards and tolerance. It involved mainly four steps;

Factory acceptance testing- equipment are tested before they are used to test the power systems to determine if they have the correct design and manufacturing flaws.

Testing upon receipt- tr4sting is done after the equipment is delivered but before it is aligned for to make sure that the equipment arrived without any form of manipulation or damage

Installation acceptance testing- equipment is tested the moment after it is installed to correct any error in the installation

System functioning testing- equipment is run through actual-building power system operations to test drive the controls as well as troubleshoot any problem that may arise.

Routine Management test

Over a period of time; weekly/monthly/quarterly/half-yearly/yearly, the building power management system contemporary devices or equipment are studies, maintained and tested, which is the best method to detect gradual rectification of the power wastage and consequent pollution over the service life.

Specific Maintenance Test

When the equipment is known to have serviced its purpose within the building management and power management system, over time it will deteriorate, or it will have adversely been subjected to adverse conditions, therefore, special maintenance tests are applied to verify its operating features before trying to re-energize. These adverse conditions could be, power fault interruptions.

Results and Discussion

By use of the testing methodology on electrical equipment in the quest to mitigate pollution and energy wastage, it is the best methods to make sure that best performance in energy management systems in commercial and residential buildings are adequate and safe. According to Smitha et al. (2013), these tests are deemed as field test by power companies, and are undertaken to verify installed equipment and power systems are not faulty and are correctly maintained or require necessary replacement. Therefore, in the first acceptance test/ start-up test, the results are to ensure that electrical equipment as well as systems are functional even before they are tried on actual building power maintenance systems, within the applicable standards and tolerances, as well as they are installed in accordance with the manufacturers specifications researches Rocha et al. (2015). Basically, in this first stage of testing, there must be repetition of testing before the warranty period expires, which is mostly within a year. Routine testing are undertaken on regular intervals of weekly, monthly or yearly depending on the maintenance and management of the power company(ies) linked to the building power management system. The most effective testing frequency used among several power and energy organizations towards commercial and residential buildings is the reliability-based, which is exceptional to every plant as well as to every piece of power equipment and power management systems. The particular equipment condition, critically and reliability must be determined to effectively decide which test is performed. The information recorded that is found on the equipment and to also record the condition in which the equipment is left. Therefore, below is an example of a graph depicting periodic testing to detect performance of the electrical performance of newly installed power equipment over its service life;

Manic et al. (2016) argue that special maintenance testing of power systems are supposed to be undertaken so as to verify its operational features, particularly when the systems faced by adverse conditions, but a more extreme scenario is when restoring service to a switch gear in trying to facilitate minimizing energy wastage and mitigating pollution. Special maintenance is meant to determine the extent of the study in meeting the objectives, thus would simply include visual inspection such as; Identification of power consumption rate, assessment of present patterns of energy consumption, relating energy inputs and consumption rates, energy wastage calibration, fixing of energy saving potential targets and implementation of measures for power conservation so as to complete programs all geared towards reducing pollution and reducing energy wastages as they have been calibrated in chart I

Conclusion and Recommendation

Human activities have significant influence on the environment, and over the past few decades, commercial and residential buildings are significant culprits of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission in which the power and energy management in building management control systems have rendered. Therefore, the focus has been on a study unto which would facilitate mitigation of pollution of the environment and reduction of energy wastage. The reliability of the study depend on the use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model that suggests that at least ninety-five per cent of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) or Total Cost Ownership (TCO) of the building power management control systems are determined before they are put into use. In addition, a preventive maintenance is supposed to be institutionalized in current building structures that foster engineering. Therefore, it is to assert that it is a manner of examining performance of a building management system in term of its impact of a failure and then mitigates those results by design, detection of effective maintenance. The Building Management System is a computer-based framework and previously methods such as Application of Historical Data as a Baseline, taking a deeper look into the Power or energy system and consolidate energy information using gateways were employed to monitor and plan in mitigating energy wastage and minimizing greenhouse emission in residential and commercial buildings. However, in this project, the chosen method is the Gantt chart, a graphical representation of the procedural towards identifying the power/energy consumption rates, assessing present patterns of energy consumption in various units of a building, relating energy inputs and consumption rates, highlighting energy/power wastages in major areas, fixing of energy saving potential targets and implementing measures for energy/power conservation and realization of savings. It is after studies have noted that over 75% of buildings in Europe are not energy efficient, thus, increasing the quality and energy efficiency of refurbishments offers a huge energy saving and greenhouse mitigation opportunity. Building users use power or energy to heat or cool their units and as a result 20% of all the energy used in commercial and residential buildings in the United Kingdom is estimated that 30% of it is wasted. External, execution, new technology, regulation risks are might hinder the realization of project’s objectives. However, through familiarizing with all stakeholders before, during and after the project would aid in meeting the objectives of the project in mitigating pollution and energy wastages. The methods to employ in the project are test measures designed for energy management systems (EMS), and include; acceptance, routine management and specific maintenance tests. These tests are conducted prior the implementation of the technology equipment, in a pilot power management in building management system. These methodologies are looking for identify gradual performance of the electrical equipment installed to mitigate power wastages and pollution over its service life since it is a progressive project. However, energy management in building power management control systems can used modern devices such as smart energy and monitoring system power that is powered by fiware. This is an IoT cloud-based devices that can be adopted by users to use at home and offices and offer alternative control of heating and cooling, and at the same time optimizing its usability and can set up its own better energy efficiency and simplify energy cost and safety to consumers.

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