Human trafficking is an undoubtedly horrid and vile crime that involves the exploitation of vulnerable individuals into labor or forced sex (O'Neill, 2018). In this regard, it is unsurprising and also evident that human trafficking should be regarded as a modern day slavery. There are many crime organizations, as well as criminals all over the world that engage in human trafficking, thus, making it one of the fastest growing crimes worldwide, and only second to drug trafficking (Kempadoo et al., 2015). Notably, human trafficking poses as a criminal activity in a criminal industry, which operates just similar as any other kind of legitimate industry. This is owing to the fact that profits derived from human trafficking do not only purpose to benefit the traffickers, and even the criminal organizations, but they also aid in funding various terrorist organizations, thereby, rendering it, not only as a real threat to the security of humans, and their freedom, but also to the national security entirely. Generally, crime, being a business is regarded as a rational choice that aims at increasing profits. Various economic studies do make an assumption that crime can be regarded as an illegal activity, in which the perpetrators are rationally, and usually calculating people, whilst maximizing on their preferences that is subject to the provided constraints. In simple terms, it should be noted that individuals calculate opportunities, costs, profits, as well as risks, prior to making decisions (Bain, 2017). Opportunities are often generated by people who are willing to migrate from a source country and also a demand for their services in other destination countries. As such, in the case of internal trafficking, migrations do occur from rural areas to affluent urban areas. Of importance to note is that the search for economic security and even the desire for on to improve his or her life provides a larger pool of potential victims. For instance, in considering the case of domestic or international trafficking of young ladies who have been promised love, secure future and even marriage are just but their desires to have economic security, which on the contrary, places them at a high risk. In other words, profit is generated, especially for criminal organizations through exploitations (Shelley & Bain, 2015). It is evident that human trafficking entails high returns and low costs, whereby, the exploited victims are either paid little or even no wages. Moreover, the risks are limited. Just similar to any other legitimate business, it should be noted that human trafficking is a kind of profit that is primarily driven by profit. As such, the traffickers purpose to look for various market forced, and thus, adapt to their methodology in accordance with the environments in which they are working and the markets that exist for conducting forced labor. Experts on internationally organized crimes compare trafficking organizations to various criminal enterprises or even business models, each reflecting on geographical position, historical and cultural influences, as well as market forces on the groups (Rezaeian, 2016). The groups are noted to differ from one another, taking into consideration the kind of people being transported, various reasons for transportation (trafficking versus smuggling), use of force or eve violence, abuse of human rights, as well as the investments of profits that are generated from human trafficking. Approximately 70 per cent of criminal enterprises that are involved in human trafficking do not do it as a uniform business rather; they operate differently and within a diverse cultural, as well as political context.
It is worth noting that criminal organization; just unlike other legitimate business make their profits through providing goods, as well as service that are illegal in illegal markets (Engelbrekt et al., 2015). According to various scholars, this is referred to as underground economy, owing to the fact that criminal organization are examined, based on the context of organized criminal activities, as well as the provision of goods and services that are illegal (drugs and migrant smuggling). However, whilst focusing on human trafficking, it is evident that exploitation occurs in a legitimate market in sectors such as agriculture, domestic service, transport sector, in the food industry, and even in construction. In this regard, it is vital for human trafficking, as well as exploitation to be examined within the legitimate economic activity context, and much focus should be laid on economic conditions (this include market opportunities, as well as regulations), which govern business generally, and as such, illicit businesses in particular (human trafficking) (Baarda, 2016). Overall, it is quite clear that human trafficking particularly, poses as a lucrative business, owing to the fact that victims are made to work for longer hours, as compared to regular employees. For instance, the individuals trafficking into prostitution can be forced to take more clients, and as such, provide their services (for example, unprotected sexual intercourse), for which the client in question would pay more money. Moreover, it is notable that trafficked victims, especially in prostitution are often rented out or even sold to brother owners or other pimps (Johns & Hunter, 2018). Whilst on the other hand, the victims in forced labor work is conditions that are less safe, yet they generate great profit for their exploiters. It is worth noting that profits would definitely vary and this depends on the market, to which a victim has been trafficked. In addition, various studies also noted that prostitution can result into a return of investment that ranges from 100% to 1,000%, even in markets that are less profitable and an enslaved laborer can make a production of over 50% profit (Powell et al., 2017). Trafficked victims often suffer from various physical, as well as psychological health issues, which stem from inhumane living conditions, inadequate nutrition, brutal physical, as well as emotional attacks, dangerous workplace conditions, lack of quality health care, as well as poor personal hygiene. It should also be noted that preventive healthcare is also typically non-existent for these kind of individuals, as their health issues are not taken into consideration, and thus, not treated at their early stages, yet they tend to fester, to a point that they become critical, especially in instances where they become life endangering. In most instances, health care should be administered initially a problem is detected and this should be done by an qualified individual that the trafficker hires, with little in any, significant regard for the well-being of the patient or the victim of trafficking, whilst focusing less on the disease, infection, or even contamination control (Domoney et al., 2015). Some of the health concerns that are witnessed in human trafficking include sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS, rectal trauma, as well as urinary difficulties, owing to the fact that these individuals work in the sex industry. Secondly, these individuals might conceive and this may result from rape or even prostitution. In line with this, the victims may become infertile, especially when they have chronic untreated STIs, or even botched abortions.
Thirdly, they can get infections/mutilations that are caused by unsanitary or even dangerous medical procedures that are performed by the traffickers’ quack doctors. Fourthly, the victims have chronic back, cardiovascular or problems related to the respiratory, owing to the endless days that they have to toil in dangerous agriculture, construction conditions, as well as sweatshop. Fifthly, the have weak eyes, as well as other problems related to the eye, as they work in dimly and lit workshops (Kiss et al., 2015). Sixthly, they have malnourishment, as well as serious dental problems, and in most instances, these are noted to be acute, especially with child trafficking victims who purpose to suffer from growth that is normally retarded, and also poorly formed or even rotten teeth. Seventhly, these victims have bruises, as well as other forms of torture of physical abuse. This is owing to the fact that in the sex industry, these victims are in most cases, beaten in particular areas that would not damage their outward look, such as their lower back. Finally, these victims face substance abuse problems, or even addictions, from being coerced into using drug by their traffickers, or when they are turned to use substances that are believed to help them cope with metal escape when they face desperate situations (Ross et al., 2015).
Take a deeper dive into Baku: Arrival and Initial Tour with our additional resources.
This paper purposes to expound on the issue of human trafficking and the manner in which the traffickers regard it as a business. In this regard, it will focus on the role of business in human trafficking. Human trafficking poses as a lucrative business, entailing high returns and low costs, whereby, the exploited victims are either paid little or even no wages. This has led into a rapid increase of human traffic internationally. Moreover, this paper will also look into how human trafficking affects the victims that have been trafficked. It is evident that human trafficking imposes physical, as well as psychological health issues to the trafficked victims, which stem from inhumane living conditions, inadequate nutrition, brutal physical, as well as emotional attacks, dangerous workplace conditions, among other factors (Ross et al., 2015). It should be noted that these individuals undergo a lot of hardships, thereby, creating the need for them to be provided with effective health care. Overall, the primary aim of this study is as presented below:
To investigate the business roles associated with human trafficking, and the health impacts on the trafficked victims
In order to meet the aim of this research, it was broken down into achievable objectives, which would later be met in the study. These are as presented below:
To investigate the link between business roles and human trafficking
To determine the health impacts of the trafficked victims
To find out how the supply and demand model of human trafficking affects its business in entirety
To find out the best strategies that can be applied to prevent the prevalent cases of human trafficking
In order to meet the aforementioned objectives, they were broken down into answerable questions, which this study would purpose to answer, in order to meet the aim of the study. These are as presented below
What is the connection between human trafficking and business?
What are the health impacts of human trafficking on the trafficked victims?
What are the most effective measures that can aid in preventing the increasingly prevalent cases of human trafficking?
How does the supply and demand model of human trafficking operate and what is its effect on human trafficking business in entirety?
Human trafficking poses as a complex process, in which the trafficked victims pass through different stages (which include recruitment, transportation, exploitation, and finally disposal) in different countries. Notably, trafficking is a violation of human rights, as it places the trafficked individuals at risk of being victimized at every stage against their wish. Violation of human rights involves the deprivation of liberty, lack of effective health care, poor sanitary conditions, lack of contact with their families, as well as lack of education. On the other hand, labor violations during the process of trafficking includes lack of payment of wages, failure to respect the required working hours, as well as violation of the safety measures (Ross et al., 2015). In addition, it is evident that crimes that are committed against the victims in the process of trafficking include theft of property (important documents), deprivation of liberty, sexual assault, forced prostitution, and even death. Notably, trafficking may be facilitated in most instances by legitimate businesses, or even the individuals that work for or with various enterprises during their process of trafficking. In this regard, businesses may knowingly or unknowingly purchase a product that is harvested by the tracked victim, or a customer may decide to use the services provided by women and even children for prostitution. Notably, it is evident that human trafficking imposes physical, as well as psychological health issues to the trafficked victims, which stem from inhumane living conditions, inadequate nutrition, brutal physical, as well as emotional attacks, dangerous workplace conditions, among other factors (Greenbaum et al., 2018). It should be noted that these individuals undergo a lot of hardships, thereby, creating the need for them to be provided with effective health care. For these reasons, this study is justified.
Human trafficking, which is also referred to as the modern-day slavery, is a deep, multifaceted, and also a complex topic. Various researchers, as well as scholars have purposed to contribute significantly to the subject of human trafficking, variety of its causes, the manner in which business is involved in it, and the best way of fighting it. This chapter will present two main subsection, the first will provide detailed explanation on understanding the phenomenon of human trafficking, and the second major subsection will provide the theoretical framework regarding human trafficking. Finally, this chapter will provide the health impact on trafficking on the victims. These are as presented below:
In accordance with Article three of the UN’s protocol, which was established to suppress, punish, and prevent trafficking in individuals, particularly children and women assist in supplementing the UN’s Convention in the battle against schemed transnational crime. The OSCE (Office of the Special Representative and Co-coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings) provides a clear definition of trafficking as a form of transportation, recruitment, transfer, and receipts of persons or harbouring by use of optimization, coercion, fraud, abduction and power abuse for exploitation purposes. Exploitation shall be part of the following at minimum: Prostitution exploitation of others, forced labour, slavery and servitude (Shelley, 2010). Following this definition, it is in order to conclude that trafficking crime contains three constituents’ elements outlined below. The protocol of UN trafficking in human beings calls upon crime trafficking in persons to be defined via a combination of the following three constituents:
1. An act: Involves transportation, transferring, recruiting, receipt of a person or harbouring
2 The means: Involves the use of force or other coercion forms, fraud, abduction, deception, power abuse or vulnerable position, receiving or giving benefits or payments in order to accomplish the permission of an individual having influence over another individual.
3. Purpose of exploitation: This is compost of the following: prostitution exploitation of other persons or other sexual exploitation forms, forced labour, slavery, servitude or organs removal.
There exists a wider difference between Human Trafficking and smuggling of migrants. According to article three of the UN’s protocol that goes against migrants smuggling by land, air, and sea, and assist in supplementing the convection of the United Nation against schemed transnational crime. It defines migrants smuggling as the procurement means of obtaining, indirectly or directly, material or financial benefit, of the illegitimate entry of an individual into a party of state of which the individual is not permanent or national resident.
According to Davidson (2010), crimes pursue ‘scripts’, which allows them to be divided into constituent’s series act despite the criminal identity. This is coherently the human trafficking case, which is described as a process that entails nodes or different stages through which the affected persons pass. It also involves different individuals in every part of the process. The initial stage entails abduction or deception, or individual recruitment which followed immediately by the migration of a person into different nation. The third phase is the phase of exploitation during which the affected person is subjected to sexual or servitude of labour or is trafficked for the aim of organ amputation, coerced begging, or any other form of crime. Kempado et al (2015) establish a phase called "victim disposal". During this stage, the affected person who's worth has deprecated is gotten rid of by the ultimate owner. This phase majorly involves the offender and is an ordinary occurrence to all criminal organizations of large-scale. When trafficking of humans occurs, a lot of crimes are committed. These could be instrumental activities of crime, which are committed directly to trigger crime that may be secondary and thus happening due to trafficking activity. Documents falsification, forced prostitution, violence, and corruption of government officials are all examples of aided criminal activities. In order to simplify human trafficking understanding, it is essential to comprehend the victim that the crime is being perpetrated against. A question can arise whether the government can be treated as a victim or not. Corruption activities by officials of the state result into legal and moral deterioration of a government, which could lead to an increase in criminal activities on the side of these corrupt officials. Additionally, in situations where officials or structures enhance trafficking, transform a blind eye or make up setbacks to passing or improving legislation, or prosecuting and arresting criminals, may prove difficult to the state thereby making it complicit to the crime. In such a case, the state infringes the rights of the victims and therefore becomes an offender instead of a victim (Gallagher, 2010). In addition, when considering the perpetration of crimes against the victim, human beings trafficking is a violation of the human right in each phase of the process. During the process of trafficking, perpetrated crimes against the affected person comprise of illigitimate liberty deprivation, threat, degrading treatment, sexual assault, theft of documents, rape and in some cases even death. Violation of labour happens as well and this includes non-payment of salaries and wages, safety measures violation, and working hours disobedience. The crimes perpetrated against the government involve documents forgery, labour laws and immigration violation, tax evasion and money laundering. The types and number of offences committed against the victims may be determined by criminal group sophistication nature involved and the type of operation in trafficking. The operation may be as easy as trafficking of one person by a single person over the border with inappropriate documentation by foot or vehicle, to highly sensitive operations that drives big number of people using illegal documents, bribing officials of the government and generating enormous profits, which are then laundered subsequently.
The above diagram illustrates crimes that happened during every node or trafficking stages. They may not be referred to as crimes in the criminal or penal code but a violation of human rights occurs. These include the inability to provide sick victims with medical services thus compelling them to live or travel in pathetic conditions. These kinds of human rights abuse can happen everywhere in the chain of trafficking; however, it is often encountered in the exploitation and transportation phase. Offences that have been italicized and followed by asterisk show that crimes are committed against the will of the victims. There exists close similarity in this process for a good number of victims. Recruitment of victims is usually done through falsehood and pledges of a better life, good job or education (Lee, 2013). For domestic trafficking victims, they may be transported to a city within or rather no transportation phase. In the case of global trafficking, affected persons are ferried across to another country. This can result into the application of illegal documents or bribery of state officials to trigger the activity. The victim may be unnecessarily exposed to violence, in this phase. There are different methods that can be employed to relieve the victims from their situation of trafficking. The victims may be purchased, rescued, escape, disposed or discarded by a trafficker, when the trafficker finds them to be of no value. Alternatively, another trafficker may purchase trafficking victims. In the entire trafficking process, the victim of trafficking risk getting involved in the criminal activities as a perpetrator. Criminal exploitation may entail coercing the trafficking victims into stealing, begging, drug transportation and other forms of crime. During the stage of disposing of the victim, the victim may be freed but incapable of returning home without cash thus get involved in the underground economy as a labourer or irregular immigrant or commercial sex worker. Acquitted victims may also go back to their native countries and operate under the influence of traffickers as recruiters for the enterprise, which facilitated their trafficking. This is commonly known as recruitment of the second wave. Alternatively, they may decide to commence their own business in trafficking, as always seen in Nigeria and Europe in cases of trafficking. In this stage that the victims turn into recruiters. At the stage of criminal proceeds, the process forms a circle and it keeps on recurring (Wheaton et al., 2010).
A study based on individual trafficker is insufficient and when data is present, it is often used exclusively to demographic data such as gender, age, place of birth or ethnic background. Past this information, very little remain to be known, specifically about the personality and motivation of human trafficking. There is research in the Netherlands about nine traffickers that were studied on their personalities. Data was gotten from an independent researcher, police investigator and victims (Logan et al., 2009). According to the data, it was found that about one-third of the perpetrators had tendencies of psychopathic. Psychopaths are temperamental characteristics in a person that makes them incapable of forming strong bonds of emotions. These effective and interpersonal features are linked with the lifestyle of social deviant that entail impulsive and irresponsible behaviour, remorse, empathy, bad behavioural control, lack of callousness, high need stimulation and irresponsibility. When the scores of traffickers were analysed and compared to that of the population of non-criminal, fewer marks were scored by traffickers on conscientiousness and agreeableness, but high on the rest of the factors. Following these character traits, the traffickers under this study were described to be dictatorial, selfish, and bossy with authoritarian characters who controlled and dominated their trafficked victims and later subjected them for their own selfish interest. A third of the sample obtained was classified to be having tendencies of psychopathic. This figure seems to be high however it should be noted that trafficker’s population under study is not possibly big and representative (Weitzer, 2014).
In order to comprehend the individual behind human trafficking, the structure of the organisation of those involved in the trafficking businesses should be examined. This would call upon a good knowledge of the division of labour. It is enshrined that crimes that are driven by profit are not acts of isolation, but an intricate bunch of interrelated actions where a lot of participants take various roles with rates of importance and denote distinct degrees of involvement and awareness. The extent by which trafficking are planned differs from one point to another, however, operations of trafficking can be found on a continuum ranging from traffickers of individuals to a well-structured network of international trafficking. The network can be defined as a team of individuals with the same concerns or interest who engage with one another for mutual support or assistance. Networks are generally characterised by flexibility, segmentation and securitization (Zimmerman et al., 2011). Another organization level involves more sophisticated team, which take part in victims’ provision for sex in foreign nations. They lease victims to owners of the brothel in nations of destination and also plan for victim’s rotation between countries and cities. There is inadequate specialization and crime networks are less valued than the global criminal enterprises. There are well-structured criminal enterprises at the end of the continuum, regulating the whole process of trafficking from transportation and recruitment via victim disposal and exploitation. This team offers a varied number of services throughout the whole chain of trafficking. This may comprise crimes such as forgery of documents and keeping a good rapport with corrupt officials of the government. These networks of crimes are characterized as decentralized and horizontal. Their flexibility offers cooperation with other teams of crime, prompt feedback to the activity of the law and legislative transitional change, and the capacity to adjust to fluctuating demand and supply in different markets. Research based on trafficking enterprises in Belgium was carried out, it was concluded that networks of crime have the capacity to develop and adjust to the changing circumstances (Brysk et al., 2012). They have the potential to learn from mistakes done in the past and to create important changes in their thinking paradigm and operation. This has imperative repercussions for structural and phenomenon evolution of human trafficking. The fact that these enterprises operate globally, members can be located in native, transit and destination nations offering transportation and guarded homes along the way. Bigger enterprises may be partitioned into subunits, which contract skilled criminals to offer specific expertise and services that could otherwise be found on external scope of the criminal enterprise. This enables the enterprise to promptly adapt to new opportunities for the market (Tyldum, 2010). In an analysis of network, specifically considering trafficking enterprise, researchers study the underlying social relationships nature or the extent to which members of the enterprise are linked to one another via relationship, ethnic ties or clan. Comprehending the nature and structure of social relationships within organizations of trafficking may offer agencies of the government with knowledge and skills to successfully intervene and disrupt or prevent trafficking business.
In larger organisations of trafficking, there is often a partition into small units, which are free to specialize in a given role or operation sequence. The unit of management, which holds a vertical structure controls and oversees all the small units. The number and complexity of particular roles vary from one enterprise of trafficking to the next. However, trafficking organizations have been assigned particular roles that people are entrusted with within the enterprise to offer particular services. These roles include the following: Investors: The people who oversee and forward funding for the whole operation. These individuals are not easy to be known by every employee within the operational area since they are housed by the structure of an organisational pyramid that shields their anonymity. Recruiters: These are individuals who reach out to potential and dynamic migrants and shield their monetary commitment. These individuals can sometimes be culture members and society from which different migrants are removed. Transporters: They help the migrants in abandoning their origin country by either sea, air or land. Debt collectors: They are entrusted with a mandate to collect fees within the nation. Enforcers: They are basically mandated for maintaining order, and policing trafficked persons and staff. Crew and guide members: They are entrusted with a task of relocating trafficked persons to different transit points or assisting them to the country of destination. Informers: they accumulate data on issues such as immigration, surveillance of border, and procedures of transit, activities of law enforcement and asylum stats. Money launderers: They launder crime proceeds, concealing their origin by assessing them in legal businesses or through transactions series. According to Oram et al., (2012) a person may entrust himself with more than one role contained in the network. For instance, recruiters may operate as exploiters or as transporters. Other assisting roles may include computer skilled individuals who run centres of cyber recruitment (providing jobs, recruiting mail, order brides or escorts), those persons that "break in the ladies" to make them ready to operate as harlots or people running guarded houses.
Trafficking of human is a type of market where trafficked victims are handled like goods and are sold, purchased, used and traded. International demand has often existed for cheap labour and prostitution. This kind of demand has significantly grown with an increase in wages in well-developed countries, especially in the market of unskilled labour such as food processing, construction and agricultural centre. In accordance with the trafficking demand side, men buying the sexual services of children and women trigger the much-fueled sex industry. Men in several occasions have equally abused their colleagues trafficked into the exploitation of sex. Children of the same gender are ill-treated in online children pornography. Sex enterprise is widening from street prostitution and traditional brothels to escort services, residences, and private club. The illegitimate sex industry may be specifically appealing to clients. Trafficked victims may be compelled to expose themselves during intercourse. When one moves out of the sex industry, young women are in high demand. According to Farrel & Fahy (2009), this is specifically considered true in domestic services such as nursing sector, sectors of low-wage manufacturing and fast food. Skills and educational requirements are often lower in women as compared to men relocating to various destination. According to the research carried out, migration is usually easier and cheaper for children and women as compared in men. Access to legal and regulated migration by women is usually restricted. The OSCE recommended policies of gender-sensitive migration, which could possibly assist in ensuring that women migrants are shielded and are not subjected to human trafficking. According to Dovydaitis (2010), four elements entail demand part of trafficking. These include the following: (1) The men who purchase acts of commercial sex, (2) The exploiting group who makes up the sex enterprise-these are individuals who purchase or order women for their clubs and brothels, one may equally think of exploiters who use women, children and men in the production of pornography. (3) The destination nations- their policies and laws towards exploited prostitution and labour and (4) the culture that promotes or condone exploitation. While the rules, culture and policies in destination nations are not used to measure demands directly, they are capable of inadvertently working as triggers which allow markets of trafficking to prosper with regard to the supply in trafficking side. Enternal human screaming for improvement in one's life tend to cause vulnerability in people to persuade them to trafficking. Individuals’ steady supply trying to improve their children lives is made up of poverty, climate, social or political exclusion; discrimination and violence against women. The relationship between demand and supply are intricate and interwoven. While the theory of traditional market work on the presumption that supply is created by demand, unskilled steady supply of migrants(workers) willing to provide services or accept the job, can generate demand for labour and services and not vice versa. Demand and supply are designed by intricate and interlocking set of political, Social, economic, and institutional factors.” O' Connell and Anderson (2010) offer the following to back up their argument: For instance, in the developing and the poor countries, a lot of children operates as shoeshine boys, while in the case of the affluent world very few children are victims. The absence of Child labour of this form in developed nations and its availability in underdeveloped countries cannot be illustrated through reference to distinguished absolute demand levels for shoeshiner labour. The relationship that exist between demand and supply is attributed by a variety of social and economic factors by employment policies, welfare, immigration and education. In the study of human trafficking market side, researchers provide a report that in highly developed nations, the most typical market for trafficked individuals are domestic servitude, prostitution, food processing, tourism, organised begging among others. While in underdeveloped nations with a less per capita income, factory labour, agriculture, sweathouse work and other markets may be market of exploitation by choice (Di Nicola et al., 2009).
In an evaluation and analysis of demand and supply indicators of sex trafficking, two important factors that facilitate human trafficking have been identified. Supply is controlled by understatement or unemployment of youth in a nation; there is a statistical link between the level of unemployed youth and the number of individuals trafficked out of a nation. Another essential factor that influences supply in source nations is the existence of a conspired crime (Ahn et al., 2013). Additionally, the high need for trafficked persons is much higher in nations that are free for internationalisation and those that have more cases of prostitution. Markets may be controlled by demand and supply, however, it is still argued that the framework of the institution or feedback drives them to the trafficking market in society. This included variable of culture as well as enforcement and existence of laws and the success of punishment and prosecution. Legitimate and criminal businesses are driven by profit. Crime is a logical choice made by persons with a motive to increase profit. Criminal economic studies make assumptions that crimes can be regarded as illegitimate economic activities and the key perpetrators are normally and logically calculating individuals that maximise their subject of preferences to particular constraints just like the rest of the people.” In simple terms, people calculate profits, costs, risks, and opportunities and then make their decisions. Individuals with the will to relocate from their source nations have high chances of creating opportunities. Migration frequently happens from rural, poor to more modernised urban areas, in the case of internal trafficking. It is the effort in place and the desire to improve the life of an individual that frequently offers a big group of capable victims. For the case of young women trafficking who have been promised marriage, secured future, and love, it's usually a passion to look for economic security, which in turn puts them at risk. Criminal organisations generate their profits through exploitations (Feingold, 2010). Costs are low while returns are high. Victims that have been exploited are paid little or close to no wages. There is a limited risk. Ladies in prostitution are subjected to stigmatisation. In a country where trafficking in prostitution is illegitimate and the person is an irregular foreigner, chances of seeking police assistance are very minimal. Victims are often afraid of reprisals and violence against them and their members of the family. In many nations, if ladies are found in coerced prostitution, they are nabbed and deported. The chances of traffickers being identified, nabbed prosecuted and then punished in a lot of counties are very low. A demand may be created and not by customers or clients. It should be understood that it is the market that often creates demand and not the clients. If there is an excess supply of vulnerable girls and women, a lucrative business strategy follows: provide the services that women can deliver to any client preference at a stiff price and in turn pay the women close to nothing. Human trafficking is usually driven by profit in the same manner as legitimate businesses. Traffickers equally consider forces of the market and adapt to the surrounding, which they operate, and the gaps that exist for coerced labour. An expert of international schemed crime, gives a comparison between trafficking enterprises and businesses models (Cullen-DuPont, 2009). The two reflects market forces, geographical positions, the group's cultural and historical influences. There exists a disparity in the two groups based on the types of persons they transport, the aim of transportation, the use of violence or force, abuses of human rights and profits investment gotten from trafficking. Enterprises of crime that actively participate in trafficking are not similar businesses but work differently in a diverse political and cultural context. Criminal organisations as opposed to legitimate enterprises generate their profits by offering legitimate services and goods in illegitimate markets, which is referred to as the economy of the underground. Schloenhard studies criminal enterprise from the context of conspired crime and the illegitimate provision of services and goods. Exploitation usually happens in construction, agriculture, and food service industry and transport sector. Therefore, it is important to study exploitation and human trafficking in the context of legal economic activities and to aim at the economic conditions that govern illicit businesses in general. Human trafficking is specifically a profitable business. Regular employees are made to work fewer hours as compared to victims of human trafficking (Shamir, 2012). For those trafficked in prostitution, they are compelled to allow more clients and offer services such as exposed sexual intercourse in which customers pay more cash. Additionally, victims involved in prostitution can be sold or rented out to brothel or pimps owners. Forced labour victims are equally compelled to operate in insecure environmental conditions that generate good cash to their exploiters. There is a variation in profit depending on the market, which the victim is trafficked. Research shows that prostitution can lead to investment return ranging from one hundred per cent to one thousand per cent even in markets that are considered to be less profitable. For example, Indian agricultural labour can produce over fifty per cent profit (Wheaton et al., 2010). When calculating the profit made by humans in criminal trafficking, the following calculations were made by ILO: In view of an estimated number of 1.1 million victims for coerced economic exploitation, a sum of profit amounting to USD 3.7 billion was realised. A larger percentage of this profit was made in industrial nations. When prohibiting the evaluation to profit from coerced economical sexual exploitation due to trafficking, it was found that the international profit generated from trafficking to coerced economical sexual exploitation amounted to a sum of USD 27.7 billion. This is close to half of all profits (Weitzer, 2015). A profit of USD 13.3 billion was made with persons trafficked within industrial nations. Asia makes the second highest profit, followed by middles east and lastly sub-Saharan Africa. According to the research, every woman in coerced sexual servitude was approximated to be making an estimated profit of USD100, 000 annually.
Due to the overlap between the underdeveloped world and the developed countries, criminal activities or enterprises can be completely operated in the legitimate sphere as in the distribution and production of illegitimate narcotics or weapon trafficking. Trafficking in prostitution often occurs in most nations purely in the time sector. The difference between illegal and legal actors is usually diffuse, specifically where the profit of legal businesses are gotten from the products of low-cost produced by enslaved and trafficked workers. Approximately a decade ago, the textile and building industries in Europe were reaping from trafficked foreigners. A report emerged concerning a crime group organised by Chinese in Milan compelling a large number of immigrants, under brutal and severe conditions to operate in manufacturing of clothes, belts and handbags that were purchased by top companies working in the renowned world of fashion. When the legal economy, which often make contract deals with small businesses operations also financially benefit from the application of labour exploitation, a symbiotic relationship exists between the illegal and legal economies in this kind of labour market. There is an estimation that the accounted for twenty-eight per cent of the GDP was done by the underground economy (Weitzer, 2015). Approximately the same value regarding the economy of shadow can be observed in the Federation of Russia with about twenty-five per cent as an average GDP. At the same time approximations of similar type, rise to forty per cent for smaller businesses, where exploitation of labour is largely overlapped and up to sixty per cent in the specific economic sector and regions (public catering, food production, trade, agriculture, construction, among others). In a lot of these sectors, trafficking for labour cases was found in the Federation of Russia. In other nations, a huge percentage of the GDP is made by remittance that comes from labour migrants. In Moldova and Tajikistan, remittances contribute over thirty per cent of the GDP and over fifty per cent respectively. Suppose this is not controlled by the government then it forms part of the illegal economy (Zheng, 2010).
Group of crimes set up horizontal interdependence referring to the links established amidst distinct activities by a similar criminal enterprise and shows diversification of pattern. Criminal organisations apply routes, skills, corrupt networks and existing contacts in given markets in particular nations and enlarge into another illegal market. Victims of human trafficking have been connected to activities of traditional crimes such as document fraud, smuggling of migrants, drug trafficking and vehicle theft. Young women, men and children of the same gender have been subjected to trafficking in terrorism, while girls and boys have been subjected to child soldier trafficking. In a lot of cases, trafficking has been connected to extortion, physical violence, many lending used in settling debts and laundering. Additionally, organizations of trafficking have been for a long time known to coerce their clients into committing crimes. Such crime includes begging, stealing, drug trafficking and pickpocketing. Victims have also been forced into selling drugs and smuggling (Yakushko, 2009).
Labour violations and human rights committed against trafficked individuals have been put in documented reports provided by various intergovernmental enterprises and NGOs. The implication of business in human trafficking is however not clear. Unfair market competition is generated by unfair business practices, which use exploitative labour or trafficked persons to reduce the cost of legitimate competitors. Additionally, practices of corruption by government officials hinder society trust in those people entrusted with a mandate to protect them. The task force of anti-money laundering in Belgian has gone extreme to openly state ' it is a fact that infiltration of crime into the economy endangers economic and social system of the Belgian, and this result into the disruption of the whole social order'. Suppose trafficking enterprises decide to work as businesses with the aim of minimising overhead cost and maximising on profit then it is essential to understand how such a decision is made (Okech et al., 2012). Business and criminological theories are drawn upon this chapter to allow for a different perspective on the rationale and motivation of human traffickers. This chapter also clarifies the processes of decision making on human trafficking.
The theory of rational choice improved from classical criminology and became famous in the 1970s. According to the theory of rational choice, criminals are sound-minded people who decide to perpetrate a crime after knowing and weighing the benefits, costs and the risk associated with committing such crimes. Some of these comprise the apprehension risk, the requirement needs for criminal gain, heavy punishment if found and the worth of the whole criminal organisation (Yakushko, 2009). Theory of rational choice has usually been applied to illustrate predatory trying to internalise human trafficking crime. As opposed to other theories of criminology, the theory of rational choice is both offence and offender specific and distinguishes between criminality as a character trait and crime as an event. Therefore, the theory tends to clarify the participation of skilled criminals in the trafficking organisations, similarly to law-abiding persons, enslaving and exploiting a domestic worker. According to the acts of offence-specific, the wrongdoer reacts to the features of a specific offence. Each criminal act contains particular risks and payoffs. In trafficking, it may entail the probability that there is an already set supply of capable victims, a ready market with a will to take the trafficked victims and high-stake profit with a low probability of one being nabbed and convicted. Offender-specific requires that a person consider executing a successful crime without considering whether the person has the prerequisites or not (Breuil et al., 2011). Characteristics of offence and offender are considered interactive. This type of interaction is known as the choice structuring. Every offender possesses a unique set of needs and skills, while every offence contains its own payoffs and risk, the interaction between offence and offender forms the behaviour choice of the offender thus allowing the offender to decide between different action paths. In research to analyse crime participants (such as burglary and drug trafficking), criminals have been directed to logically decide on the kind of crime they should be involved. They should also settle on their objective, place and time of the crime. The kind of crime one involves in may be determined by a logical assessment of market condition. When considering trafficking, financial gains may be increased by traffickers through relating victims to urban areas within the nation or rather from underdeveloped countries to developed countries. Criminals are also known for their habit of selecting the prime target (Todres, 2009). Traffickers either choose victims that they speculate will be law abiding or ones they can prey on during hard times such as food scarcity and medical emergencies. Traffickers also target families, which the parents are orphanage, administrators and alcoholic. A pattern that is emerging denotes the absorption of women operating in prostitution before being absorbed and suppressed abroad. The deliberate women selection that has experience in prostitution ensures simplicity of the change for the trafficked individuals and therefore it affirms to be a schemed method for traffickers to contemplate other unwilling victims’ resistance. The theory of rational choice also studies the criminal choice of place and time of the crime and targeted location. Time concept is slightly pertinent in trafficking for coerced labour economical sexual exploitation, though it may be more pertinent for trafficking in exploitation of labour. The demand for seasonal workers and crop harvesting at a given time of the year can result in an increase in demand for cheap labour which trafficked victims can easily fill (Cho, 2013). Targeted areas are essential in the prostitution and the traffickers can decide to relocate prostitution from areas that are more visible to places which cannot be easily accessed by the authorities. The decision on whether to get involved in crime must be made by individuals, usually, for the purpose of making a profit, crime can be one option that can be used in fulfilling needs. The extent to which persons are willing to involve themselves in crime is determined by many factors. For instance, individual moral code, experiences of an individual with criminal activities, individuals observation about themselves and the extent to which a person is able to strategies and practice foresight. The initial experiences may be controlled by characteristics of demography, individual’s character, and family upbringing. Crime involvement decision is succeeded by the verdict to commit a given offence and the model of the criminal event (Abas et al., 2013). The moment the person has settled in committing a crime, the immediate step is focus-selection primarily based on analysis of benefits or cost. The factors considered by individuals may vary depending on the type of crime. This is the reason why theories of the rational choice argues that crime of specific models are essential for varied kinds of crime." Focus selection for trafficking of human may objectively aim at runaways or street children having in mind that they will be missed by no one. A burglar chooses a target, for instance, which will offer large coverage or burglarize a home where occupants are on vacation. Crime continues to be a lucrative business and this triggers the passion in people to continue involving themselves in this kind of business. Successful completion of different crime has made criminals become more professional. Changes in values and lifestyle can be identified. Professionalism increase is due to improved knowledge and skills through target selection and strategy, increase in professional contacts, migration, enforcement law, and other officials of the government. All this minimises risk while maximising on profits. Lifestyle and values changes are due to the rising dependency level upon crime as a means of generating income. The criminals may live happily and start to justify their involvement in criminal activity.
Techniques of neutralisation described in this chapter clarify the rationalization and mechanisms that people use to warrant their criminal activities. When these individuals involve themselves in crime, they become friends with other criminals or persons with mutual values as them. This can also lead to demand for services that trigger the trafficking enterprise or to maximise on profit, which is examined further in connection to process analysis (Cho, 2015). Theory of rational choice states that criminals are likely to stop crime the moment they learn criminal acts do not generate profit and that genuine and legal business activity that can generate much profit are available. Another incentive that can be applied to terminate the contract is that the risks supersede the profit and there are chances of one being nabbed, prosecuted, and then punished.
According to the theory of neutralization, individuals that are law-abiding, are in a position of involving themselves in activities of crime through neutralisation techniques. They strongly confident that their activities are warranted for considering various arguments. Research has denoted that when individuals highly accept the technique of neutralization, they are likely to engage in crime. These controversial arguments can be classified into 5 major types, and these arguments include:
Responsibility denial
It is applied in placing blames for criminal acts externally and beyond actor's forces. One of the actors tries to argue that poor upbringing or unemployment was the major reason why he got involved in crime.
Injury denial
It is a technique applied in reduction of criminals by connoting that the act harms no one. Specific transporters can simply apply this technique, recruiters involved in the act of trafficking to pose arguments that, people want to be abandoned to given nations, therefore, transporters, and recruiters are exclusively assisting them to achieve their dreams. Domestic workers trafficking from underdeveloped nations into developed ones may be justified or warranted by posing an argument that their standard of living has been enhanced by relieving them from poverty line in their native nations. Therefore, they are living in better houses as compared to slum areas.
Victim denial
Denial of the victim may be applied in arguing that ' in light of the circumstances, injury is perceived to be in order' - perhaps posing an argument that more cash is being received by the victim than necessary as compared to the money received from the same service if it was performed at home. The wrongdoer may acknowledge the disparity between inappropriate and appropriate goals. The fact that a lot of traffickers tend to recruit women operating as prostitutes in their nations, or inform young women that they will be operating as prostitutes when they are absorbed and brought into another nation, may permit traffickers to deceitfully believe that the trafficked women are not victims.
Condemner’s condemnation
According to Ross et al., (2015) this refers to the mental attitude of the people that those who put others under condemnation are corrupt and unfair. This technique of neutralisation is an ambush on the condemners and maybe is the least essential in relation to trafficking in human in nations where corruption does not exist. In nations where graft is largely spread in the private and government sector, there is widespread cynicism and therefore condemner’s condemnation plays a very essential role.
Appeal to loyalties of high-stakes
This appeal tends to prove to be an appealing technique of neutralisation. It was initially used in explaining the appeal of delinquents to the friend's loyalties, these loyalties amidst traffickers can be controlled by force and threats, rather than expected friendships. Violence and betrayal are typically found in relationships among traffickers. In the case of networks of trafficking schemed predominantly within friendship and family ties, this neutralisation technique may be applied to justify or warrant involvement in the operations of trafficking. It may also clarify how women have developed their relationships with the traffickers. A study has found that absorption of victims is specifically effective when traffickers depend on those victims that they have transformed into recruiters or loyal enforcers (Cho, 2013).
Theory of routine activities concentrates on criminal settings or situations and not personal actors and their inspirations. The theory clarifies the idea that for a criminal act to happen, inspired offenders must come together with appropriate aims in the absence of potential guardians. The probability that there could be a convergence is triggered by activities such as leisure time, work, family, and friends. This theory accepts the offender motivation as a specific temporal enterprise meant for explaining crime. Possession of a potential guardian is instrumental in regulating or terminating activities of crime. According to the theory of routine activities, there can be an increase in crime if there exist fewer potential guardians and suitable targets. The theory causes awareness amidst appropriate targets and increased regulations to cut down the probability of inspiring wrongdoers coming into close contact with the appropriate target. Programmes for raising awareness and specifically those aimed at high-risk teams or capable victims are good examples of measures used to cut down the probability that victims will be in close contact with the inspired offenders (Szekely et al., 2015).
Additional attempt to understand trafficking in human as business calls upon one to have a better knowledge of the variability of the market. Research on why schemed crimes involve in illegitimate markets has resulted in the following variables, which are very important in the determination of the market at infiltration risk by criminal teams: demand, supply, competition, and regulators. These variables of the market overlap to elevate the risk and probability of schemed crime involving in a given market. Supply: It refers to the objective or source services availability. The individual supply willing to relocate and operate as a worker is limitless. It encompasses the ease by which goods or persons move from one place to another. In areas with porous borders, for example, the European Union external border or the independent state. Commonwealth has enlarged and citizens of the member's state are permitted to legally travel between nations free of visa. The ease through which the victims can be relocated to this nation has also increased significantly (Rao & Presenti, 2012). Demand: It is the degree of demand for a given service such as cheap labor, and prostitution and whether the service is inelastic or elastic. Elastic demand for services increases or decreases according to the price of the services and products. Inelastic demand for goods or services implies that clients will pay any quoted price due to the high demand nature of the products or services. The demand is elastic in sea trafficking and for this case, an increase in price will result in demand reduction. Conversely, an individual’s greater availability supplying services at decreased prices will lead to more clients thus greater demand. A particular product can also result in great demand. In business, it is commonly known as a strange selling point. It is a particular characteristic that distinguishes a product from similar goods. This can be classified as demand for women of a given nationality, age, ethnic group. Demand can be created artificially. Regulators: It refers to the existing rules, the capacity, and effectiveness of law enforcement in a specific level of corruption and jurisdiction of the government. All these are put together to control the ease that an organisation uses to enter the market. Competition: It refers to the competition experienced by other teams in the market, and the effect of harm suffered. As opposed in the drugs market, human trafficking teams are often in stiff competition with one another but may liaise when the said relationship proves to valuable in both sides. Systems of the market are adaptive, complex and contain social networks in which structures and function are essential and objectives are derived from a potential matching of needs and goods. This evaluation is coherently used to trafficking where the commodities are deemed as the trafficked victims. Needs and goods are matched dynamically and there is an intricate social network working to make this occur
Observing trafficking crime in human beings at a business angle enables one to visualise its processes. An analysis can be drawn from service providers and traffickers, however, the process of real trafficking can be compared to national or international process of trade, as in the case of an ordinary transaction where goods are involved. The term goods mean the trafficking victim reality, as they are usually purchased, sold, and applied as products. This term usage is not meant to downplay a person who finds herself or himself as a trafficking victim (Weitzer, 2015). Human trafficking is more intricate as compared to cargo. They need to be constantly acted upon during the process of shipment and their transportation are often illegal. They are compelled to operate in particular ways as they are curtailed from performing any function. Considering that given assumption, the following will denote ways in which business can be modelled from a business perspective. Additional arguments are considered as reasons as to why business view not only assist to understand and illustrate trafficking but also how it can help it contributing important insights in averting this villain crime (Cho, 2013). In the chain of classical supply, there exist four main links: The provider, manufacturing, provider of the service and the customer. The chain of traditional supplies first link is connected with transporting, sourcing, and taking the commodity to the market. Same as raw material sourcing, victims are also located and moved from their native locations. As per the definition, this entails some form of coercion or deception. There are various methods used by traffickers to recruit or source their victims. They achieve this by employing agencies, friends, and family members. Travel documents are prepared and issued, the needed victims are then easily transported unwillingly or willingly via illicit or legal means. The transportation process can occur through various means and this involves additional participants such as corrupt official borders as well as crimes of the periphery for example document fraud and smuggling of irregular foreigners. At the manufacturing stage, goods are set ready for their intended aim. Similarly, to raw materials, the trafficking victim should be manipulated to enhance their intended function. This process guarantees the following;
1. The victims must be in a position to understand and perform their roles.
2. The victims must be in a position to comprehend that they obey all orders.
3. The victims who refuse or object commands of the trafficker must be broken as much as possible.
In this stage, traffickers apply threat assortments psychological pressure and physical punishments to dehumanize and break victims so as to hold them in line with their selfish interest. In order to satisfy their clients, traffickers are most likely to use various mechanisms and initiatives to test their victims and products. A trafficker motivated of selling a victim may decide to exploit the victim for some time in a similar manner that his or her customer would do. A concrete analysis of cases exposes mechanisms at work discussed (Abas et al., 2013) The retailer stages. In this stage, the trafficking is given out for exploitation. The retailer in legitimate interaction provides products or services for clients to purchase. For their products offers to be known by the clients, a particular amount of marketing is necessary. A decision must be made on how and to whom their goods should be marketed and even make contacts with the clients. This could entail selling trafficked victims to illegal businesses, which use farm labourers, domestic servants or construction workers. The traffickers can alternatively decide on ways of marketing their trafficked victims to customers who use prostitution services. This can be achieved through advertisements of newspapers, the use of the internet or informal channels. In this kind of marketing, traffickers are required to compromise one of their major objectives, which is meant to protect their illegitimate actions in order to circumvent them from being identified, arrested and even prosecuted. This has been clarified in the deliberation of rational decision approach (Farrell & Pfeffer, 2014). In this phase, agents of crime are compelled to interact with agents outside their organization. It also provides the chance to unmask the activities of crime since those individuals who battle trafficking controversially possess the same chance as all prospective client to access the information and services of traffickers' marketing. In this stage, revenues are given and out and therefore all payments are easily made thus facilitating a financial transaction. This kind of payments should be stored, spent or transferred (Weitzer, 2015). This aspect of analysis assists in understanding the behaviours of the traffickers and also reveals transparency in the structures and financial transactions of the trafficking enterprises. The chain of classical supply, which the last stage can be directly translated into the trafficking chain. The customer is the sex purchaser or goods provided by the trafficked victim. Clients may not be aware that the goods or services they buy are produced by illicit means. In any case, they get information about what is happening, the clients become part of the process of crime by themselves. It is however arguably often when it entails sexual exploitation as compared to how it would have been in the case for exploitation of labour. Impossible transformations are the normal dynamics that control the behaviour of the customer such as demand for a particular service or product and motives such as an attempt to obtain the best quality at a much lower cost. The same manner of observing trafficking as a process through which crimes happen, trafficking can be observed from the chain of prospective supply. Each link or phase in the chain of supply allows for disruption and intervention through different means. At the customer and supply phases in the process, knowingness rising by stakeholders of the civil society and the government could disrupt the provision of willing victims and therefore sensitize clients buying sex from trafficked victims. Intelligence investigation led by police could be used to unmask practices of trafficking during the manufacturing process (Abas et al., 2013).
Another way of studying the trafficking side of the business is through drawing parallels between persons within the business components and trafficking process. Just like any other business, trafficking has distinguished components. These components include a wholesaler, a retailer, product and a customer of the services produced. Usually, in any business clients expect to be offered quality goods or services at a minimal or affordable price. Therefore, in order to destroy the business of trafficking, the price increase must be employed on the service or product to offset equilibrium price-quality. This can be achieved by cutting down the supply or the number of victims available by raising efforts to identify and get rid of trafficking victims. The trafficking victims may be from different fields such as forced labour, prostitution, agriculture, domestic service, construction, fishing, or any other markets. It is also worth noting that by reducing the number of supplied victims, there is also a significant increase in the rate of a successful prosecution, imprisonment and sizing traffickers’ assets. The government has the power to increase traffickers’ cost while at the same time cutting down the client's demand. Confiscation and seizure of the asset can deprive traffickers of their operating capital. This can, therefore, help in preventing the ability to involve themselves in trafficking on more time (Weitzer, 2015).
It is essential to understand both the current trafficking process and strategies of traffickers’ insight in order to effectively interfere with them. If this is done to satisfaction, it will facilitate the designs that can be used to counter mechanisms of trafficking that will assist to certain and anticipate the degree of effect of trafficking that can be used in future to alter the plans of traffickers. In this study, there exist two major types of analysis of strategy: sensitivity and feasibility analysis have been selected to denote a possible use of the currently existing research in the sector of business strategy for the aim of earning a more applicable and profound understanding of trafficking in human (Cho, 2013). Generally, analysis of feasibility deals with the external and internal constraints of an enterprise. Internally an enterprise is constrained by organization's design, fixed assets and knowledge. All these factors have the capacity to control the ability of the business to run with particular aims and react to changes in the environment. There has, for instance, been a transformation from the open act of prostitution towards concealed types in a lot of countries. The application of the concept of the internal constraint, which are the constraints of operation of an enterprise in the form of its insufficient knowledge- related material and resources such as particular know how or finance. These will offer a deeper understanding of what it implies for a trafficking enterprise to come up with such a strategic transformation and also the justification behind its approval. As an example, an individual could ask a variety of questions like whether the company had a skilled person to switch its operandi of modus or whether they discussed an expert of any kind as a facilitator. Additionally, it would be imperative to identify how a lot of people are required to implement a particular strategy and whether given resources of material are needed. The list of probable questions an individual could ask is virtually many and can be adapted to the respective cases that have been subjected to investigation (Weitzer, 2015). Analysis of feasibility equally incorporates the environmental regulators on the strategy of an organization by studying the external constraints such as competitive reaction, customer acceptance, supplier approval and acceptance or limited countermeasures regulatory body and the government. Similar questions as recommended that internal constraints should be used in understanding ways in which different external factors affect choices of strategy. Just as analysis of feasibility, sensitivity analysis tends to understand the multitude factors that regulate choices of an organization, usually presuming that they depend on rationality since it is a fundamental requirement for the application of all theory of business. These factors can be linked to the economic aspect. It is a fact that the more diverse the factors are that can be easily denoted and incorporated into the analysis of sensitivity, the more intricate is the possible comprehension of the respective strategy being analysed. In order for one to obtain probable factors, results of before process analysis can be used alternatively, various cases of trafficking can be examined. There are generally varied factors that can be determined just like the legitimate constraints that are perceived to be an impact in particular nation where exploitation occurs. After determining a factor like this, an individual would decide to make theoretical developments to the factor in order to assess the prospective results of such development. One would sometimes ask the what if- question. This kind of method has consistently proven to offer much better insights into the actions of the future. It is a fact that guesses that are more informed, useful and reliable. For instance, insight incorporation offered by organisational behavior.
The government of UK approximates that about seven thousand individuals are victims of trafficking globally each year and a lot of people are enslaved in their own nations.
This trafficking act has adverse effects on the victims involved, some of these impacts are discussed below:
Research on trafficking in human denotes that abuse and violence are the major factors of prostitution trafficking. The research demonstrated that women trafficked into the European Union for prostitution, ninety-five per cent of the victims had been coerced or brutally assaulted into sexual acts, and about sixty per cent of the victims reported gastrointestinal problems, fatigue, neurological symptoms, gynecological infections and back pain. A nine-nation evaluation that was published in the Trauma practice journal concluded that seventy-three per cent of used women were assaulted physically. According to the report, eighty-nine per cent tried to escape, sixty-three per cent were defiled, and sixty-eight per cent met the disorder of post-trauma, depression, and anxiety. Another study established that 86 per cent of the trafficked women within their nations and 85 per cent of the trafficked women across the borders of the world suffered from adverse depressionn (Farrell & Pfeffer, 2014).
It is estimated that the forty-two million people across the world are living with HIV/AIDS. Sex trafficking is a major player in spreading this epidemic. In the year 2005, a programme on joint united nation on HIV/AIDS revealed their full report. It emerged that in Asia, the epidemic is triggered by the joint use of the injected drug and commercials sex. Therefore, it can be concluded that both sex trafficking and prostitution leads to the spread of HIV/AIDS. Internationally, individuals in prostitution are highly prone to HIV. For instance, the prevalence of HIV in women trafficked and prostituted in India is thirty-eight per cent. HIV rate is above sixty per cent among young women that participated in prostitution before 15years (Abas et al., 2013).
Untreated infections can result in a serious health problem for quite a long time. Such implications may lead to pelvic pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and high risk of hysterectomy. A research conducted by Barry Levy and Williams denotes that, millions of girls and women are coerced into prostitution every year and an estimated number of 45percent are affected with papillomavirus in human. The Institute of national cancer has affirmed that HPV infection leads to cancer. Young women that have been coerced into prostitution are highly susceptible to diseases, this is because cervical cancer is linked with a large number of sexual partners (Weitzer, 2015). It is ordinary for sex trafficking to cause unwanted pregnancy, a situation that often results in forced abortion. Women that have been trafficked are specifically vulnerable to risks associated with post-abortion. The complication in it normally leads to maternal deaths. The research also denotes that exploited women for commercial sex are provided with little time to recuperate and this increase the chances of post-abortion infections.
This chapter has covered quite a number of concepts and theoretical framework in the criminology field, marketing, and business against which to analyse trafficking in human. A varied number of personal theories try to clarify the choices individuals make facilitate their trafficking involvement. The theory of rational choice maintains that criminals are persons who make a decision to commit crime after checking the benefits, risk, and cost associated with committing such crimes. The theory of neutralisation on the other hand tends to explain how persons can involve themselves in criminal activities through the use of neutralisation techniques. They have a strong believe that their acts are justified and warranted in relation to a number of different arguments. A research has denoted that the more techniques of neutralization are accepted by persons, the more they are most likely to participate in crime. Therefore, in order to put this theory under test, it would be important to engage individual traffickers and assess how they view their active roles in the crimes. Overall, based on the findings in this chapter, it is evident that various scholarly stress on the fact that human trafficking has a business role and also has health impacts on the trafficked victims. The findings on this chapter aid in backing up the provisions in the subsequent chapters, especially the discussion chapter. The following chapter, which is the methodology chapter, will provide the various methods of data collection. Notably, the latter will be followed by the discussion and analysis chapter, which will use the provisions in this chapter to back up the vital information.
The choice of researching on the topic of human trafficking, whilst considering it as having a business role and also in considering the health impacts it has on the trafficked victims brings forth significant challenges. It is evident that despite the constantly increasing coverage on the topic of human trafficking in various policy documents, as well as in the media, it should be noted that this research area is still vague. In this regard, it is notable that in conducting meaningful research on this research, there is need for the researcher to have a throughout framework, which purposes to link various theoretical statements are have been made previously, to significant measurable concepts. As such, central to the provisions of this chapter is the thus, the manner in which research is methodologically shaped, in a way that purposes to make relevant, as well as valid conclusions nonetheless. Overall, the purpose of this chapter will be to outline the approaches, research techniques, as well as the methodology that was adopted in the collection of data, necessary for the study. As such, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview, which is from a theoretical perspective, to a practical framework in the process of conceptualization, reconstruction, as well as analysis of the fieldwork outcomes, documents, as well as case studies from the individuals who have fallen victims of trafficking and from the traffickers themselves. Particularly, this chapter will provide an overall review of the entire research organization, as well as implementation in all stages. Finally, it will purpose to address two significant forms of research and those are qualitative research and quantitative research. This chapter will aid in answering the research questions, which will in turn meet the objectives of the research and consequently the aim of the study. This chapter begins by providing the research design.
This research study used a mixed methods approach, and as such, it sought both the qualitative, as well as the quantitative measures in a bid to examining the concept of human trafficking as having a business role and whilst putting into consideration, the health impacts of the trafficked victims (Flick, 2018). Significant to take into perspective, the quantitative portion of this study purposed to measure the measure the extent of human trafficking and its business role, and perception of the victims on how human trafficking has affected their health. This aided in providing significant variables, which aided in understanding the quantitative perspective of the research in a more understandable and easy manner. On the other hand, the qualitative portion of this study was the adoption of a case study, which aided in comprehending the key reasons in which victims have been subjected to human trafficking and the manner in which the traffickers conduct human trafficking in a business role perspective. In this regard, it is notable that in the fulfillment of the this twofold thesis, the researcher chose case study as a qualitative study, owing to the fact that this method of research aids in providing an opportunity to which empirical data can be collected and also provides a reflection on the diversity, as well as complexity of real life. It is evident that owing to the proximity of the researcher to reality, and also the thorough learning, as well as understanding of such kind of complex phenomena as human trafficking, the researcher found it very appropriate carrying out case studies whilst considering the aspect of coming near, or even reflecting on the real life complexity. Additionally, it is evident that all theoretical findings, which have been presented in this study have been utilized and used as inputs. This is in order to highlight various significant legal frameworks, as well as theoretical examinations, to aid in understanding the concept of human trafficking as having a business role and also in considering the health impacts it has on the trafficked victims. Of significance, is also to take note of the fact that in meeting the aforementioned objective of this particular study, this study adopted secondary research study that was derived from the study websites, scholarly books, as well as journals. Moreover, this study conducted a pilot study, in order to aid in rectifying certain significant errors that may have been identified, prior to the actual research being conducted.
The participants for this study included 15 human traffickers, who are considering it as a business, and 15 victims who had fallen victims of human trafficking. All the chosen participants for study were those who showed their willingness, as well as readiness to engage in this study, and to provide their responses to the asked questions in the questionnaire. The participants were a combination of both males and females. It should be noted that the researcher sourced the traffickers from various international, as well as local crime organizations, whilst on the other hand; it is evident that most of the trafficked victims were sourced from internet and as such, there needed to be proof that indeed the individual in question had once fallen a victim of human trafficking. It is evident that the traffickers were chosen, in order to provide their responses regarding how they conduct human trafficking, and how they regard it as a lucrative business. On the other hand, the trafficked victims were sourced for this study, in order to provide their opinions on how their health was impacted when they were trafficked by the human traffickers. It is of significance to take note of the fact that the researcher found it difficult to get the participants that were currently under human trafficking. This is owing to the fact that their traffickers do not give them time to mingle with other people, and owing to the fact that they are under strict supervision, to ensure that they do not escape from custody.
All of the participants were provided with questionnaires (The traffickers and the victims that had fallen victims of human trafficking). The use of semi-structured questionnaires was to enable them to give their opinions regarding human trafficking as a business and the health impacts of the victimized individuals. The respondents were to answer the questionnaires with the presence of the researcher (Merriam & Grenier, 2019). In other words, answering the questionnaires were done through face-to-face interaction with the researcher, in order for the researcher to familiarize with the participants and thus, prevent any fear that may build up in them. Face-to-face answering of the questionnaire aided the researcher to know when the participants were lying or afraid to answer a given question appropriately and that it the time when the researcher would build up confidence in the participants, to be able to give the answers, in accordance with their opinion on the same (Merriam & Tisdell, 2015). It is significant to note that the researcher gave the respondents the opportunity to ask any question and at the same time, the researcher was open to answer any question that was posed by the participants, in order to ensure that they do not answer the said questions blindly. Notably, answering the in-depth questionnaires took thirty days, owing to the fact that the researcher set aside a given day for all of the participants, thus, giving them ample time to answer all the questions in the questionnaire without any hurry. Overall, the researcher ensured that the interviews did not leave any respondent in any form of doubt.
The researcher first ensured that all of the 30 participants were ready and also willing to participate in this study. 15 of these victims were human traffickers, whilst the remaining 15 were victims who had initially fallen victims of human trafficking. Based on the 30 case studies of the participants, there were three common purposes of human trafficking that were identified and these were trafficking for sexual exploitation, trafficking for forced labor, and trafficking for marriage. All the participants was assigned a day for the in-depth questionnaires and this was conducted through face-to-face, in order to assist them in any case they faced any form of difficult, and owing to the fact that human trafficking is a serious issue, the presence of the researcher was vital in building up significant confidence in the participants. It is significant to take note of the fact that through the use of different methods such as case studies and fieldwork, the researcher could spend a long time with one participants, in order for them to have an ample time to compose themselves and provide appropriate answers in the questionnaire. The fundamental objective of conducting the interviews was to derive significant additional information regarding the topic of human trafficking, whilst considering it as having a business role and also in considering the health impacts it has on the trafficked victims. All of the questionnaires had a short description of the study, and what was expected to take place and the manner in which the respondents were required to answer the research questions. My presence during the answering of the questionnaires was to explain the questions in detail, which affected the instruments of the study. Notably, communication poses as an asset of skill, and as such, through language that is either written or spoken, the researcher and the participant can make significant discrete pieces without forcing the participants using strong and co-operative language. In this regard, the procedure from the primary participants whilst answering the questionnaire was therefore fostered in an environment full of empathy, as well as cooperative language. After the participants had filled their questionnaires, they were taken for analysis, which was done using the SPSS software.
Some of the difficulties encountered whilst conducting this research were challenging, although the researcher was able to overcome them. Firstly, it is significant to take note of the fact that it was difficult for the researcher to reach out various criminal organizations, owing to the fact that they are dangerous people, who might think that that the researcher was up to set them up. In this regard, it was quite challenging, as the researcher had to convince the human traffickers of his intentions, without any reasonable doubt, prior to conducting the research as the traffickers would otherwise fail to agree. Secondly, it is also evident that it became difficult for the researcher to access the individuals who had experienced the negative impacts of human trafficking. This is owing to the fact that most of them would not just open up and acknowledge that they were once victims. In addition, it is also notable that these victims live in fear and would be afraid that their exploiters would follow them up, for thinking that maybe they might expose them. Furthermore, it is evident that victimized individuals are generally unhappy people and they would not easily open up to tell their story because they might be afraid of public criticism for having had a bad past. Thirdly, it should be noted that the participants (both the traffickers and the trafficked victims) would find it difficult revealing all the information that the researcher needed, owing to the fact that they may feel shame and the traffickers may feel that they are overly exploitative for the sake of business. However, it should be noted that despite these challenges, the researcher was researcher was able to overcome some of them, as he tried to be free with the participants and assure them of the anonymity of the research. Moreover, though convincing the participants that he had no bad intentions, the participants were able to answer almost all of the questions that were provided in the questionnaire. This then implies that this study was a success, as the participants were cooperative.
This study put into consideration, all the ethical considerations. In this regard, the researcher ensured that it was in accordance with the requirements of ethical consideration by firstly treating all the participants with top most priority. This implied that only the researcher mingled with them and not any other third party was allowed to be involved in the research involving the participants and the researchers (Silverman, 2016). Secondly, it is significant to note that the contents of the responses provided by the participants were treated with top most confidentiality. In this regard, it is evident that once the participants had finished responding to all the questions that were asked in the questionnaire, thus implying that they were ready for analysis, it is evident that the questionnaires were discarded, for purposes of them not getting into the hands of any third party. Thirdly, the researcher ensured that all the participants involved in this study were treated with top most anonymity, and in order to facilitate this, it is evident that the questionnaires were designed in manner that did not require the participants to provide any personal detail about them (Smith, 2015). Finally, it was also noted that the participants were granted the opportunity of withdrawing from the study at any point that they felt like they were not ready to continue. In this regard, it is worth noting that the researcher did not force the participants to participate in this study. This was also owing to the fact that in an instance where any of the participants wished to withdraw from this study, even after answering some parts of the questionnaire, his or her questionnaire was discarded with an immediate effect, still with the primary purpose of enhancing the anonymity concept and confidentiality. Overall, it is worth noting that this study took into consideration, all the ethical concerns, thus implying that it followed the right path, and would definitely be accepted for use in any study (Smith, 2015).
Based on the provisions in this chapter, it is evident that the chapter demonstrates the research approaches, research methodology, as well as the fieldwork techniques that were used during the study. Based on the qualitative case study, as well as in-depth interviews, and also the quantitative perception of the opinions of the traffickers and the victims on human trafficking, it is significant to take note of the fact that this thesis purposed to understand the on the topic of human trafficking. This is in considering it as having a business role and also in considering the health impacts it has on the trafficked victims. Moreover, it is significant to also note that study purposes to justify the logics behind the adoption of a case study as a significant strategy, in carrying out significant in-depth interviews of the traffickers that consider human trafficking as a business and also the people that have been victimized into human trafficking. Furthermore, it purposes to explain the significance of the use of case studies in identifying the inner significant mechanisms in comprehending the existing links between the human trafficking phenomena and the manner in which the trafficked victims suffer. Finally, it should be noted that the description of the entire process of data selection in the fieldworks is micro-level, thus implying that the selection of 30 participants was most appropriate as it aided in setting a process of exploring the victims of their experiences with human trafficking and the traffickers’ perception of human trafficking as a business.
Based on the findings of the questionnaires, this chapter will then purpose to provide the responses provided by the participants regarding the subject of this project. Notably, it is evident that the trafficked victims were provided with different questionnaires from the human traffickers. This paper aimed at obtaining their opinions regarding the topic of human trafficking, whilst considering it as having a business role and also in considering the health impacts it has on the trafficked victims. In this regard, this chapter will start by providing the responses of the trafficked victims. Thereafter, it will provide the responses of the human traffickers. Following these, this chapter will provide a critical discussion, which is in line with the responses of the participants. Then a definitive conclusion, which purposes to summarize the content of the paper, will be provided. These are as provided below:
All of the trafficked victims were asked whether or not, they had escaped from work for the traffickers, and it is evident that all of them answered this question. Overall, 40% of the victims interviewed admitted to have escaped from working for traffickers. Whereas others of the trafficked victims (60%) noted that they were caught up by the human traffickers when they were engaging in some other activities, which they were not asked to mention.
The trafficked participants were asked whether they received threats of violence in the custody of the human traffickers and it is notable that only 6 of the participants attended to this questions. Notably, 4 of the participants (66.6%) admitted to having left the trafficking industry had received threats of violence. On the other hand, 2 of the trafficked participants (33.4%) noted that even at the custody of the human traffickers, they did not fall victims of violence.
All of the trafficked participants were asked whether they were satisfied with the wages that were given to them by the human traffickers and it is evident that all of them attended to this question as well. Notably, 14 (93.3 %) of victims interviewed were not satisfied with their current wages and felt that it was not proportional to the work they were doing. However, only 1 of the participants (6.7%) noted that she was satisfied with the wage provided to her. She was not asked to provide further detail, which justifies the reason she was satisfied with the wage that the human traffickers were giving her.
All of the trafficked victims were asked whether they received harsh conditions from the human traffickers and 12 of them (80% of the victims interviewed) admitted to working under harsh conditions and their handlers did not care about their welfare. On the other hand, just 3 of them (20%) made it clear that although they were under the custody of the human traffickers, they were not subjected to harsh conditions. All of the trafficked participants attended to this question.
All of the trafficked victims (participants) were asked whether they contacted an infection at the time when they were under the custody of the human traffickers. Notably, all of them attended to this question and 9 of them (60% of the respondents) indicated that they had contacted different infections in the course of their work. On the other hand, 6 of the participants (40%) noted that although they were subjected to conditions where it was much easier for them to contact various infections, they were safe and did not contact any of them.
All of the participants (15) were asked to mention the various activities that the human traffickers demanded that they engage in during the time that they were trafficked. Notably, all of the participants attended to this question. In this regard, 8 of the participants (53.3%) noted that they engaged in forced sex, whilst 1 of the participants (6.7%) noted that she was engaged in begging. On the other hand, 4 of the participants (26.7%) noted that they were subjected to forced labour and 2 of the participants (13.3%) made it clear that they engaged in drugs. Overall, it is significant to take note of the fact that all of the trafficked victims had a significant role to play for the human traffickers.
The researcher also interviewed the human traffickers and they were asked various questions, which most of them attended to, owing to the fact that initially, they were willing an ready to participants in this study. In this regard, all of the participants were asked to provide, for how long they have been in the human trafficking business, and it is evident that all of the participants attended to this question. 6 of the participants (40%) noted that they had been in the business for less than 10 years. On the other hand, 9 of the participants (60%) made it clear that they had been in the business for more than 10 years. This then implies that in the human trafficking industry, there are human traffickers who have and are still conducting their business to an expert level, whereas there are others who are still new to it, but aim at advancing their business.
All of the human traffickers (participants) were asked to give the returns that they get from the human trafficking business and it is evident that all of them attended to this question. Of significance to take note of is the fact that 2 of the participants (13.3%) noted that they got same returns. This indicates that even though they did not gain much, the business is not a losing business. On the other hand, 13 of the participants (86.7%) indicated that the returns on trafficking business were double or more than double. This also implies that trafficking business poses as a lucrative business, in which the returns are more than the investments.
They human trafficking participants were asked whether, they knew any businesses that depended on human trafficking. It is worth noting that all of the participants attended to this question as well as 14 of them (93.3%) answered in the affirmative. This then made it clear that there are various successful businesses that run smoothly, owing to the human trafficking business. On the other hand, 1 of the participants (6.7%) made it clear that he did not know of any form of business, which depended on human trafficking business. Further details were not asked, which required this participant to answer.
The human traffickers participants were asked of the main activities, which they engage in in the course of them conducting the human trafficking business. Notably, all of the participants attended to this questions and they indicated that the sex industry was the largest beneficiary of human trafficking. In this regard, 11 of the participants (73.3%) indicated that they majorly dealt in forced sex, whilst 1 of the participants (6.7%) noted that they majorly engages in begging. On the other hand, 2 of the participants (13.3%) made it clear that they engaged in forced labour, and 1 of the participants (6.7%) also made it clear that they majorly engaged in drugs.
All of the human trafficking participants were given the opportunity to provide their opinion on whether they think human trafficking could be eliminated. Notably, all of the participants attended to this question and as such, 3 of the participants (20%) agreed that human trafficking could be completely be eliminated. On the other hand, 12 of the participants (80%) were firmly assured that human trafficking was at its stable end and that it could not be eliminated through any mean. This then implies that most of the human traffickers believe in their business and they have a firm stand that their business cannot go down, whether subjected to any form of force.
Moreover, all of the participants were asked to give their opinion on whether human trafficking would collapse in an instance where the crime was eliminated. Notably, all of the participants attended to this question. It is evident that 12 of the participants (80%) thought that the industries associate with human trafficking would collapse if the crime was eliminated. On the other hand, 3 of the participants (20%) of the traffickers believed that even at the elimination of crime, human trafficking would not collapse, and as such, they believe that human trafficking has a strong foundation, in which just a mere crime elimination would not make it collapse.
Based on the provisions of the traffickers and trafficked victims, it is worth noting that human trafficking entail offences are committed against the will of the victim. There exists close similarity in this process for a good number of victims. Victims are usually recruited through falsehood and pledges of a better life, good job or education (Lee, 2013). For domestic trafficking victims, they may be transported to a city within or rather no transportation phase. In the case of global trafficking, affected persons are ferried across the borders. This can necessitate the use of illegal documents or bribery of government officials to trigger the activity. The victim may be unnecessarily exposed to violence, in this phase. Indeed, human trafficking is a horrid and vile crime, in which vulnerable individuals are exploited into begging, forced labour, forced sex, as well as drugs. This then makes it clear that the literature is right, which it refers to human trafficking as a form of modern day slavery. There are many crime organizations, as well as criminals all over the world that engage in human trafficking, thus, making it one of the fastest growing crimes worldwide (Kempadoo et al., 2015). This is owing to the fact that profits derived from human trafficking do not only purpose to benefit the traffickers, and even the criminal organizations, but they also aid in funding various terrorist organizations, thereby, rendering it, not only as a real threat to the security of humans, and their freedom, but also to the national security entirely. The perpetrators of human trafficking have tendencies of psychopathic. Psychopaths are temperamental characteristics in a person that makes them incapable of forming strong bonds of emotions. These effective and interpersonal features are linked with the lifestyle of social deviant that entail impulsive and irresponsible behaviour, and lack of callousness, remorse, guilt or empathy, bad behavioural control, high need stimulation and irresponsibility. For these reasons, human traffickers’ main aim is to make their victims suffer whilst they gain significant returns, from the lucrative human trafficking business, as it is evident from the respondents (human traffickers) that they make their victims undergo health related problems, at the expense of their gain (Farrell & Fahy, 2009). Generally, crime, being a business is regarded as a rational choice that aims at increasing profits. Various economic studies do make an assumption that crime can be regarded as an illegal activity, in which the perpetrators are rationally, and usually calculating people, whilst maximizing on their preferences that is subject to the provided constraints. In simple terms, it should be noted that individuals calculate opportunities, costs, profits, as well as risks, prior to making decisions (Bain, 2017). Opportunities are often generated by people who are willing to migrate from a source country and also a demand for their services in other destination countries. As such, in the case of internal trafficking, migrations do occur from rural areas to affluent urban areas. Of importance to note is that the search for economic security and even the desire for on to improve his or her life provides a larger pool of potential victims. For instance, in considering the case of domestic or international trafficking of young women who have been promised love, secure future, and even marriage are just but their desires to have economic security, which on the contrary, places them at a high risk. In other words, profit is generated, especially for criminal organizations through exploitations (Shelley & Bain, 2015). trafficking is a violation of human rights, as it places the trafficked individuals at risk of being victimized at every stage against their wish. Violation of human rights involves the deprivation of liberty, lack of effective health care, poor sanitary conditions, lack of contact with their families, as well as lack of education. On the other hand, labor violations during the process of trafficking includes lack of payment of wages, failure to respect the required working hours, as well as violation of the safety measures (Ross et al., 2015). In addition, it is evident that crimes that are committed against the victims in the process of trafficking include theft of property (important documents), deprivation of liberty, sexual assault, forced prostitution, and even death. Notably, trafficking may be facilitated in most instances by legitimate businesses, or even the individuals that work for or with various enterprises during their process of trafficking (Engelbrekt et al., 2015).
Human trafficking market is where victims are handled like commodities and are sold, bought, used and traded. International demand has always existed for cheap labour and prostitution. This demand has significantly grown with an increase in wages in well-developed countries, especially in the market of unskilled labour such as food processing, construction and agricultural centre. In accordance with the trafficking demand side, men buying the sexual services of children and women trigger the much-fueled sex industry. Men have equally abused their male colleagues trafficked into the exploitation of sex (Feingold, 2010). For this reason, it is evident that trafficked victims are subjected to some kind of torture, which others cannot persevere, and in this regard, others may end up dead in the process. Trafficked victims often suffer from various physical, as well as psychological health issues, which stem from inhumane living conditions, inadequate nutrition, brutal physical, as well as emotional attacks, dangerous workplace conditions, lack of quality health care, as well as poor personal hygiene. It should also be noted that preventive healthcare is also typically non-existent for these kind of individuals, as their health issues are not taken into consideration, and thus, not treated at their early stages, yet they tend to fester, to a point that they become critical, especially in instances where they become life endangering (Domoney et al., 2015). Some of the health concerns that are witnessed in human trafficking include sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS, rectal trauma, as well as urinary difficulties, owing to the fact that these individuals work in the sex industry. Moreover, they become prone to infections/mutilations that are caused by unsanitary or even dangerous medical procedures that are performed by the traffickers’ quack doctors (Kiss et al., 2015). They also succumb to malnourishment, as well as serious dental problems, and in most instances, these are noted to be acute, especially with child trafficking victims who purpose to suffer from growth that is normally retarded, and also poorly formed or even rotten teeth. Additionally, these victims have bruises, as well as other forms of torture of physical abuse. This is owing to the fact that in the sex industry, these victims are in most cases, beaten in particular areas that would not damage their outward look, such as their lower back. Finally, these victims face substance abuse problems, or even addictions, from being coerced into using drug by their traffickers, or when they are turned to use substances that are believed to help them cope with metal escape when they face desperate situations (Ross et al., 2015).
Based on the provisions in this chapter, it is significant that significant data was derived from the case studies that were used, and also from the interviews conducted on the human traffickers, as well as the trafficked victims. It is significant to note that the participants provided their heart-felt opinions, owing to the fact that they were assured of confidentiality and anonymity. Moreover, their consent to participate in this study was obtained prior to the study being conducted. In line with this, it is worth noting that sufficient discussion on the findings of the study have been provided, which aid in explaining into details, the perceptions, and opinions of the participants, which is as well backed up by the provisions in the literature review of this thesis. Overall, it is significant to take note of the fact that this chapter aids in answering the research questions, which in turn, meet the objectives of the research and consequently, the aim of the study. The following chapter, which is the conclusion chapter, would then purpose to summarize the content of the paper, whilst providing significant and relevant recommendations, which if put in place, would aid in fully combating the issue of human trafficking.
Based on the provisions in the entire thesis, it is evident that human trafficking is noted to be the second largest criminal industry globally, and as such, it has become a fast growing crime in the modern world. Various policies have been put in place, with the aim of reducing human trafficking through social services, as well as under-resourced initiatives. However, it is worth noting that much needs to be done, if there is need to fully combat the issue of human trafficking. The aim of the paper, which is to investigate the business roles associated with human trafficking, and the health impacts on the trafficked victims (Farrell & Pfeffer, 2014). Notably, this paper has been able to expound on the issue of human trafficking and the manner in which the traffickers regard it as a business. Moreover, it has been able to focus and bring into analytical scrutiny, the role of business in human trafficking. Human trafficking poses as a lucrative business, entailing high returns and low costs, whereby, the exploited victims are either paid little or even no wages. This has led into a rapid increase of human traffic internationally. This paper has looked into how human trafficking affects the victims that have been trafficked. It is evident that human trafficking imposes physical, as well as psychological health issues to the trafficked victims, which stem from inhumane living conditions, inadequate nutrition, brutal physical, as well as emotional attacks, dangerous workplace conditions, among other factors (Ross et al., 2015). It should be noted that these individuals undergo a lot of hardships, thereby, creating the need for them to be provided with effective health care. Additionally, this thesis has been able to meet the objectives of the paper through expounding on three major issues in the literature review. These are presented as follows: provision of a detailed explanation on understanding the phenomenon of human trafficking, the theoretical framework regarding human trafficking, and the health impact on trafficking on victims. The methodology chapter has been able to outline the methods that were used in collecting data and in this case, it is evident that this paper used cases studies, which were accompanied by interviews conducted on the traffickers and the trafficked victims. The discussion chapter makes it evident that indeed, human trafficking is a horrid and vile crime, in which vulnerable individuals are exploited into begging, forced labour, forced sex, as well as drugs. This then makes it clear that the literature is right, which it refers to human trafficking as a form of modern day slavery. There are many crime organizations, as well as criminals all over the world that engage in human trafficking, thus, making it one of the fastest growing crimes worldwide (Kempadoo et al., 2015). This is owing to the fact that profits derived from human trafficking do not only purpose to benefit the traffickers, and even the criminal organizations, but they also aid in funding various terrorist organizations, thereby, rendering it, not only as a real threat to the security of humans, and their freedom, but also to the national security entirely. In addition, the discussion chapter also makes it clear that Trafficked victims often suffer from various physical, as well as psychological health issues, which stem from inhumane living conditions, inadequate nutrition, brutal physical, as well as emotional attacks, dangerous workplace conditions, lack of quality health care, as well as poor personal hygiene. It should also be noted that preventive healthcare is also typically non-existent for these kind of individuals, as their health issues are not taken into consideration, and thus, not treated at their early stages, yet they tend to fester, to a point that they become critical, especially in instances where they become life endangering (Domoney et al., 2015). Overall, it is evident that human trafficking is a violation of human rights, as it places the trafficked individuals at risk of being victimized at every stage against their wish. Violation of human rights involves the deprivation of liberty, lack of effective health care, poor sanitary conditions, lack of contact with their families, as well as lack of education. On the other hand, labor violations during the process of trafficking includes lack of payment of wages, failure to respect the required working hours, as well as violation of the safety measures (Ross et al., 2015). In addition, it is evident that crimes that are committed against the victims in the process of trafficking include theft of property (important documents), deprivation of liberty, sexual assault, forced prostitution, and even death. Notably, trafficking may be facilitated in most instances by legitimate businesses, or even the individuals that work for or with various enterprises during their process of trafficking.
This thesis brings forth recommendations to governments, as well as other stakeholder, with a bid to combat human trafficking in general. In this regard, this section will provide the general recommendations, the recommendations that relate to prevention and protection. This will be followed by the recommendations that relate to the business models that were aforementioned in the study, and the market analysis of the general issue of human trafficking. Thereafter, recommendations will be provided, which relate to the investigation of human trafficking and finally, this section will provide the recommendation, for future targeted research. These are as provided below:
Governments should purpose to ensure that adequate, as well as comprehensive trafficking legislation are put in place, and also enforced. This will include the increase in the rate of prosecutions, and also handling down prison sentences, to individuals that are involved in human trafficking, and thus in facilitating this, the governments should as well ensure that prison sentences are served accordingly. In order to achieve a better enforcement of significant anti-human trafficking, as well as related legislation, and thus purposing to meet a higher convicting rate of the perpetrators, and their abettors, it will be of significance for governments to bundle all the existing knowledge, as well as expertise regarding human trafficking. This will aim at ensuring that there is operational coordination, and cooperation of necessary and relevant law agencies, and even other actors involving NGOs (Davidson, 2010). Secondly, governments address various (all forms of) human trafficking, including domestic trafficking, and in this regard, special attention needs to be paid to child trafficking. Data according to the UN Global Report indicate that approximately 80% of the trafficked victims identified by various state authorities were subjected to sexual exploitation. It is evident that this presents overemphasis on control of, as well as investigations on the sex sector. This then makes it needful for governments and other stakeholders to develop sufficient expertise, and thus, purpose to begin monitoring some other high-risk sectors. This is owing to the fact that the sex sector entails a particular vulnerability, with regard to child trafficking (Cullen-DuPont, 2009). Fourthly, governments and other stakeholders should purpose to make anti-trafficking responses to be comprehensive, and which are human rights-based, and also victim-centered. In this regard, they should protect victims, and put forth strict adherence to their human rights and this includes the right of obtaining compensation for the victims that have been harmed at the time that they were under the custody of the human traffickers. This ought to be at the core of the anti-human trafficking efforts. In other words, there should be measures that aim at protecting the rights of the victims and this should reflect at allowing the victims to recover from the traumatic experiences that they were subjected to (Chuang, 2014). In this regard, the government should be able to offer these individuals with adequate medication, legal, as well as psychological services at the time that they have escaped from the hands of the human traffickers and beyond. Fourthly, governments should purpose to establish and also strengthen the coordination of various anti-trafficking efforts, and as such position various national rapporteurs, to be able to monitor and continually improve various responses related to anti-trafficking. To this end, the national rapporteurs ought to be given the relevant and necessary legal authority, as well as access to data, and also necessary independence from various operational actors, to be able to carry out the required tasks efficiently. Finally, governments should be able to tackle various corrupt practices, if they purpose to make the anti-trafficking measures successful (Chuang, 2014).
Firstly, governments and the relevant stakeholders should ensure that they enhance the prevention of human trafficking, and as such, make it a cornerstone of all the anti-human trafficking efforts. In this regard, they should ensure that they create general awareness-raising campaigns, which are directed to the public, in order to prevent fiends, and families from inadvertently recruiting various victims, and also from supporting human trafficking operations. In line with this, there should be special prevention programs that aim at preventing the re-trafficking of various former victims, thus preventing former victims form become human traffickers. Secondly, governments should involve all the relevant stakeholders and this includes government agencies, NGOs, private or corporate sector, as well as civil society actors, and other bodies in fighting against human trafficking (Cho, 2015). It is significant to take note of the fact that partnership poses great significance in combating human trafficking, owing to the fact that each member would ensure that it brings a significant expertise, which would be vital towards guaranteeing success. Thirdly, governments should ensure self-regulations, which includes the instilment of codes of conduct, supply chain management, as well as fair trade practices. These needs to be put in place, in order to ensure that the trafficked individuals are not involved in any form of production in any criminal organization. In this regard, governments can invest in source countries, which offer job trainings, as well as placement to repatriated victims, as well as high-risk individuals. Fourthly, governments should see to it that they establish national, as well as transnational referral mechanisms. These mechanisms should aim at protecting the rights of victims and this should include the protection of the rights of these victims, identifying individuals that have fallen victims of human trafficking, and also ensuring that they are provided with significant referral to, and also support/protection by appropriate services (Cho, 2015). Finally, governments, as well as relevant stakeholders should purpose to develop significant systematic approach, which identifies the phases involved in human trafficking. Notably, it is evident that stakeholders could play much significant roles in this.
Governments and relevant stakeholders should primarily focus on the business side of human trafficking, as well as markets that support its existence with the aim of achieving long-term impacts. It is significant to take note of the fact that rather than purposing to investigate on the various cases of human trafficking, there needs to be permanent solutions that demands addressing various market factors that facilitate human trafficking, and these should be done away with. Secondly, governments should purpose to address the supply, as well as the demand factors of human trafficking, with an aim of eradicating human trafficking (Cho, 2013). In this regard, governments should focus on certain factors such as those contributing to ready supply of potential victims, political instability, social exclusion, gender bias, as well as violence against women. Thirdly, governments should take sufficient measures that aim at increasing the costs, as well as risks to human traffickers, owing to the fact that this would reduce their profits. In line with this, governments should ensure that they provide administrative approaches, which aim at controlling human trafficking by withdrawing the licenses of the human traffickers (Bain, 2017).
Firstly, it is significant to take note of the fact that human trafficking modus operandi often changes constantly. In this regard, based on market reduction approach, governments should purpose to conduct regular risk assessments on persons, as well as markets that are placed at significant risk, all at the local, as well as national levels. Carrying out regular risk assessments aid in tracking changes in patterns regarding human trafficking, and this includes identifying the kinds of victims that have been recruited, the methods used in the recruitment process, as well as the markets in which the victims have been exploited. In this regard, it is evident that risk assessment purposes to examine the supply of victims, regulation of the market, competition, as well as demand. Secondly, governments should purpose to ensure that there is sufficient collection of evidence-based, as well as reliable data, which is vital for risk assessments and monitoring of high-risk markets, as well as high-risk victims. Notably, this kind of data is best collected, and also analyzed at a local level, to aid in facilitating local risk assessments (Bain, 2017). However, it should be noted that all the collected data need to be forwarded to a national focal point. Thirdly, governments should establish inter-disciplinary national expertise, which focus on human trafficking, in order to foster interagency cooperation, as well as the involvement of civil society partners. It should be noted that in establishing inter-disciplinary national expertise, this should focus on significant bundle knowledge on human trafficking business, traffickers, markets, investigative techniques, as well as modus operandi. Fourthly, governments should ensure that the investigations put in place are proactive, victim-centered, and also intelligence-led. Notably, criminal investigations need to aim at systematically gathering intelligences. Fifthly, governments and other relevant stakeholders should purpose to strengthen various international operational cooperation that is vital for enhancing successful investigations regarding human trafficking, investments of various criminal proceedings, prosecutions, as well as money laundering. Sixthly, governments should ensure that various investigations regarding human trafficking also include financial investigations, wherefore, it is vital that financial intelligence units have to be created and also strengthened. Finally, governments should be obligated towards enhancing successful seizure, as well as confiscations of various assets, owing to the fact that it poses as a key factors in tackling the human trafficking business (Baarda, 2016).
It is significant to take note of the fact that governments should be strongly motivated and encourages to support future research on the criminal side of human trafficking. In this regard, more research needs to be undertaken, based on various theoretical approaches regarding human trafficking as provided in this thesis. They include the testing of the rational choice, as well as neutralization theories, in order to explain the beliefs, as well as behaviors, motivations, and rationalization of various individual traffickers. In addition, it would have been better if interviews could be conducted with the police, as well, or court records, in order to provide a deeper insight on the issue of human trafficking (Bales & Soodalter, 2010). Secondly, future researchers should ensure that they evaluate the research prior to publishing it. This is owing to the fact that evaluation research is vital in identifying good practices. In this regard, they should be conducted on an already existing data collection schemes, demand reduction programs, as well as in asset forfeiture, in order to enhance the effectiveness of various anti-trafficking structures that are within and also between countries (Cho, 2013).
Abas, M., Ostrovschi, N. V., Prince, M., Gorceag, V. I., Trigub, C., & Oram, S. (2013). Risk factors for mental disorders in women survivors of human trafficking: a historical cohort study. BMC psychiatry, 13(1), 204.
Ahn, R., Alpert, E. J., Purcell, G., Konstantopoulos, W. M., McGahan, A., Cafferty, E., ... & Burke, T. F. (2013). Human trafficking: review of educational resources for health professionals. American journal of preventive medicine, 44(3), 283-289.
Baarda, C. S. (2016). Human trafficking for sexual exploitation from Nigeria into Western Europe: The role of voodoo rituals in the functioning of a criminal network. European Journal of Criminology, 13(2), 257-273.
Bain, C. (2017). Entrepreneurship and innovation in the fight against human trafficking. Social Inclusion, 5(2), 81-84.
Bales, K., & Soodalter, R. (2010). The slave next door: Human trafficking and slavery in America today. Univ of California Press.
Breuil, B. C. O., Siegel, D., Van Reenen, P., Beijer, A., & Roos, L. (2011). Human trafficking revisited: legal, enforcement and ethnographic narratives on sex trafficking to Western Europe. Trends in Organized Crime, 14(1), 30-46.
Brysk, A., & Choi-Fitzpatrick, A. (Eds.). (2012). From human trafficking to human rights: Reframing contemporary slavery. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Davidson, J. O. C. (2010). New slavery, old binaries: human trafficking and the borders of ‘freedom’. Global Networks, 10(2), 244-261.
Engelbrekt, A. B., Mårtensson, M., Oxelheim, L., & Persson, T. (Eds.). (2015). The EU’s role in fighting global imbalances. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Farrell, A., & Pfeffer, R. (2014). Policing human trafficking: Cultural blinders and organizational barriers. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 653(1), 46-64.
Feingold, D. A. (2010). Trafficking in numbers: The social construction of human trafficking data. Sex, drugs, and body counts: The politics of numbers in global crime and conflict, 46, 51.
Greenbaum, V. J., Titchen, K., Walker-Descartes, I., Feifer, A., Rood, C. J., & Fong, H. F. (2018). Multi-level prevention of human trafficking: the role of health care professionals. Preventive medicine, 114, 164-167.
Johnson, B. C. (2012). Aftercare for Survivors of Human Trafficking. Social Work & Christianity, 39(4).
Kiss, L., Pocock, N. S., Naisanguansri, V., Suos, S., Dickson, B., Thuy, D., ... & Borland, R. (2015). Health of men, women, and children in post-trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: an observational cross-sectional study. The Lancet Global Health, 3(3), e154-e161.
Mahdavi, P. (2011). Gridlock: Labor, migration, and human trafficking in Dubai. Stanford University Press.
Okech, D., Morreau, W., & Benson, K. (2012). Human trafficking: Improving victim identification and service provision. International Social Work, 55(4), 488-503.
Oram, S., Stöckl, H., Busza, J., Howard, L. M., & Zimmerman, C. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence and the physical, mental, and sexual health problems associated with human trafficking: systematic review. PLoS medicine, 9(5), e1001224.
Rezaeian, M. (2016). The emerging epidemiology of human trafficking and modern slavery. Middle East Journal of Business, 55(3705), 1-5.
Shamir, H. (2012). A labor paradigm for human trafficking. UcLa L. rev., 60, 76.
Szekely, P., Knoblock, C. A., Slepicka, J., Philpot, A., Singh, A., Yin, C., ... & Stallard, D. (2015, October). Building and using a knowledge graph to combat human trafficking. In International Semantic Web Conference (pp. 205-221). Springer, Cham.
Weitzer, R. (2015). Human trafficking and contemporary slavery. Annual review of sociology, 41, 223-242.
Zimmerman, C., Hossain, M., & Watts, C. (2011). Human trafficking and health: A conceptual model to inform policy, intervention and research. Social science & medicine, 73(2), 327-335.
The academic paper is segregated into a vast area of subjects that structures different study corners for individuals of higher standards. Every academic research delves into an utter performance that requires equal importance when indulging. But, commencing on an Essay Writing Help all by itself can lead to complex entities, which is why one looks for professional writing Dissertation Services to get done with their academic tasks. This writing platform looks after the best solutions that add meaning to the research and is determined in such a way that it matches the saturation of one positively. The Thesis Help Services are comprehended with specialised support assistance who works round-the-clock and ensures that everyone gets to avail the benefits of the Online Assignment Help services efficiently.
DISCLAIMER : The dissertation help samples showcased on our website are meant for your review, offering a glimpse into the outstanding work produced by our skilled dissertation writers. These samples serve to underscore the exceptional proficiency and expertise demonstrated by our team in creating high-quality dissertations. Utilise these dissertation samples as valuable resources to enrich your understanding and enhance your learning experience.