Strategies for Supporting Affected Children

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Introduction

In the recent era of globalisation, the issue of domestic violence for the children is raising rapidly for which it is necessary to develop effective intervention planning so that the social workers can play their role to support he children and take proper care of them so that the children can stay safety under proper care and protection. Through the research, it is possible to understand the cases of domestic violence and additionally, the analysis of the role of social works in supporting the children who are suffering from domestic violence are also posisbel. The research in this regard explores the literatures, develops proper aim and objective to analyse the collected data and the strategic planning of the social workers through which they try to support the children positively. This chapter provides aims and objectives of the study as well as discusses the rationale of conducting the research so that it is posisbel to identify the strategies of the social workers to support the children with domestic violence.

1.2 Background of the study

There is rise in the victims from domestic violence and number of children who are suffering from domestic violence is high for which in depth research needs to be conducted so that the strategic intervention and the role of the social workers in supporting the children can be evaluated so that the children can get proper support and care front he social workers. As per the survey, in the last year, it has been estimated that about 2.0 million people aged between 16 years to 59 years are experiencing domestic abuse and aorta from that, about one in five children have been exposed that there are domestically abused (Lawson, 2019).

1.3 Aims and objectives of the research

The aim of the research is to analyse the responds of the social workers to help the children expose to domestic violence so that it is possible to discuss whether the social workers are efficient to support the children or not. In the other hand, through this study, it is also important to acknowledge the specialist training program that would be beneficial for the practitioners to improve their services delivered to the children and the family who are suffered from domestic violence. As per the statistics, there are more than 160,000 children in England are experienced domestic abuse which needs proper intervention planning so that the children can get proper support and care from the social workers.

The objectives are such as,

To understand the incident of domestic violence

To acknowledge the impacts of domestic violence on children

To analyse the role of social workers to support the children who are suffering from domestic violence

To evaluate the implications for social work in case of domestic violence

1.4 Research questions

The research questions are developed further,

What is the incident of domestic violence?

What are the impacts of domestic violence on children?

What are the roles of social workers to support the children who are suffering from domestic violence?

What are the strategic implications for social work practice in case of domestic violence?

1.5 Rationale of the study

There are approximately 5 million children worldwide who are exposed to domestic violence every year, where the children are more likely to attempt suicide, abuse drugs and alcohol, run away from home, engage in teenage prostitution and commit sexual assault crimes. These are the major consequences for the children who are exposed to domestic violence. In such situation, it is necessary to conduct in depth analysis for supporting the children with proper care and treatment (Howarth et al., 2019). It is important to analyse the role of the social workers in supporting the children who are domestically abused as there are serious consequences for the children and it is the responsibility of the social workers to take active part to support the children and protect them successfully.

1.6 Outline of the research

The research includes five chapters which are introduction, methodology, literature review, findings and analysis and conclusion through which it is possible to analyse the above-mentioned research topic which is to understand the role of the social workers to support the children who are suffering from domestic violence. In the introduction chapter, proper aims and objectives, research background and rationale of the researcher is discussed through which it is easy to understand the importance of conducting the research. The second chapter is methodology to collect relevant data and information and analyse the gathered information successfully. The third chapter is literature review where the secondary sources of information are represented. The fourth chapter is findings, analysis and reflective critique though which the gathered data and information can be analysed properly. The fifth chapter is conclusion where it is effective to draw proper conclusion by meeting all the research objectives.

Chapter 2: Methodology

2.1 Introduction

Through the methodology, it is posisbel to choose appropriate methods to conduct the study by gathering relevant and valid data and information so that the research aims, and objectives can be fulfilled well.

2.2 Research philosophy

As per the research philosophy, the deductive approach is selected rather than inductive approach as in the deductive approach, the researcher can analyse the existing concepts and theories and evaluate the findings on the basis of the knowledge and understanding. However under the inductive approach, the researcher conducts the research to develop new theories and models and thus, it would be beneficial for the rese archer to choose deductive research philosophy over the inductive approach to conduct the research by gaining in depth knowledge and understanding through secondary information, existing theories ad concepts for evaluating the findings.

2.3 Data collection method

As per the data collection method, there are two types of gathering the information which are primary and secondary. Under the primary data collection method, the researcher gathers first-hand information directly for the participants through survey, interview and online activities. However, the secondary data collection method is helpful to collect secondary sources of information by searching effective information from the secondary sources such as books, online articles, journals, business letters and newspapers form which the researcher can gather more in depth data and gain knowledge from the existing theories and concepts.

2.4 Data analysis technique

Under the data analysis method, there are quantitative data analysis and qualitative data analysis technique where under the quantitative data analyses, the researcher collects the primary information and analyse the data on the basis of charts, graphs and statistical tools. On the other hand, under the qualitative data analysis method, the researcher can use thematic analysis int this regards where it is easy to gain deep insight from the literature review and evaluate the findings on the basis of different themes where it is possible to meet the aims and objectives of the research. Through thematic analysis, the researcher can develop different themes over the findings and analyse the collected information with proper discussion. In this research, thematic analysis is useful or evaluating the themes such as role of social workers, strategies to support the children who are domestically abused and the implications for the social workers in supporting the children where these themes will be effective to analyse the role of the social workers critically.

2.5 Ethical considerations

As per the ethical consideration, research ethics need to be maintained by the researcher while conducting the research and in this regard it is necessary to protect the collected data and information through data Protection Act 1998 as well as the researcher ensures that the gathered data and information form the secondary sources of information are only utilised for this research only. Relevant and valid information are discussed in this study so that the aim of the research can be fulfilled well.

Chapter 3: Literature review

3.1 Introduction

Through the literature review chapter, it is possible to bather proper information and data related to the research topic. In this research, the topic focuses at the role of the social workers in supporting the children who are suffering from domestic violent as there are serious consequences for the children who are suffering from abuse. It is the role of the social workers to support the children and crat proper intervention planning for caring them. The information is related to the domestic violence and the implications of the social workers as well as the journals and articles are effective to collect secondary sources of information related to the role of the social workers to support the children who are experiencing domestic abuse. Through this chapter, it is possible to develop in depth knowledge and understanding about the types of child abuse as well as intervention planning of the social workers to provide care and protection for the children who are suffering from domestic violence.

3.2 Children witnessing and experiencing domestic violence

Domestic violence is the behaviour to gain power and control the family members where one person behaves rudely or physically and verbally abuse the other members at the home. Abused is the personal behaviour, it is not due to alcohol and drug abuse, mental problems and common excuse. In the recent years, the numbers of children suffering from domestic violence is increasing rapidly and this raise concern among the social workers to protect the children in the society and give them protected place for bringing up (Haselschwerdt et al., 2019). There are many types of domestic violence among the children such as control, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and intimation, isolation, using male privilege, economic abuse and verbal abuse such as coercion, threats and blame. For the child abuse at home, there are four types, such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional or psychological abuse and neglect at the home where the children cannot get proper care and support from the family members to stay safely. Physical child abuse is the result of physical aggression where the injury is intended, and it is considered as physical abuse at home where the family members hurt the child and give punishment to the at early age. The physical abuse of the child includes beating, slapping or hitting, pushing and kicking, punching biting and hair pulling as well as burning with cigarettes scalding water or other the objects and severe physical punishment. In addition to these, sexual child abuse is any sexual act between an adult and a child including rape, oral sex and sodomy which hamper the mental and physical condition of the child it has serious impacts on the child development where the children are going through trauma and pain (Øverlien, and Holt, 2019). There are many serious cases, where the children are abused sexually by family members, neighbours, strangers and friends. Emotional child abuse is another type of abuse in which the attitude, behaviour and attachment with the family members are not good and it leads the child towards poor mental health and hampers social development of the children. Emotional abuse can come from adults at the home, parents, teaching professionals, neighbours and siblings and there is verbal abuse, mental abuse and psychological treatment for the children under emotional abuse. In addition to this, child neglect is another common type of child abuse where there are physical neglect, educational neglect and emotional neglect (Cuartas et al., 2019). Under the physical neglect, the children are neglected to get proper food clothing, appropriate environment, supervision and home that is hygienic and safe, medical care as needed. Without these basic needs, it is not possible for successful child development including physical and mental health development. On the other hand, the educational neglect is another serious crime where the children cannot get proper enrolment opportunities to school, they do not get proper special education due to absence of school. On the other hand, emotional neglect includes failure of providing emotional support, love and affection from the family members. This includes the children’s emotional needs and the family members fail to provide psychological care as needed by the child (Victor et al., 2019).

3.3 Impacts of domestic violence on children

Domestic violence hampers the physical, emotional behavioural, emotional and social areas of life among the children where the children do not get proper environment to live. The children who are suffering from domestic violence, they can suffer from immense number of physical symptoms along with the emotional and behavioural areas of life (Desir, and Karatekin, 2018). The major problem of domestic violence among the children is that the children are suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder which hamper the behavioural perspectives of the children. The mental condition of the children is also hampered where the children cannot behave properly, and they are suffering from depression and stress. High stress and depression hamper the normal living condition of the children. Some of the children attempt suicide due to depression stress and behavioural disorders where they cannot cope up with the situation and abuse that they have experienced. In addition to this, the children are also suffering from social exclusion where the children cannot get proper environut for bringing up and they are excluded from the society and feel loneliness at home due to non-cooperation form the friends, family members and neighbours (Pelton, 2015). Behavioural symptoms such as regressing, exhibiting of control behaviours, imitating behaviour are there due to domestic violence. Post-traumatic stress disorders, anger and lees control over their behaviour are also present among the children who are suffering from child abuse at home. Some children act angry as compared to the anger of other children and this reduce their control over their behaviour. Poor problem-solving skill and lack of proper development of the physical and mental health are other impacts of such incident of domestic violence for which the children cannot concentrate on their education and other activities in daily lives (Stoltenborgh et al., 2015). Lack of concentration on education and lack of support and social inclusion from the friends and family members further leads the children towards depression and stress. On the other hand, some teenagers are engaged with drug and alcohol abuse after domestic violence where some of the children attempt suicide and thus there is serious impacts of domestic violence which ruin the living condition of the children as well as hamper the physical and mental development of the child (Bywaters et al., 2015). The infants facing domestic violence have the impacts such as cries extremely, screaming, frequent illness, low weight, no appetite, lack of attachment with the parents, sadness anxiety and sadness, on the other hand, the other symptoms are such as lack of feeling safety and security at home, regressive behaviour, anxiety, separation and insomnia. The children also suffer from psychological and physical trauma ta their home and they are not feeling safe to stay. The long-term effects of domestic violence among the children are such as physical health problems, hepatitis, obesity and early death, behavioural problems in adolescence, alcohol, or drug abuse, emotional difficulties in adulthood and anxiety disorder as depression and stress disorders (Levchenko, 2018). Apart from that, intense worry about their safety and security at home, increased anxiety about being separated and excluded from the society, insecurity, withdrawal, emotional needless, hyperactivity disorders, sleeplessness, nightmares, difficulties in concentrating on daily activities and self-injury are the serious impacts of the incident of domestic violence among the children (Johnson, 2017).

3.4 Role of social workers on supporting the children

The social workers are playing important role in supporting the children who are suffering from domestic violence where they provide shelter, education, food and fulfil the primary needs of the children so that they can get suitable environment for physical and mental development of the children. It is also necessary for the children to get proper education for successful child development so that they can learn and establish their lives. Hereby, the social workers try to maximise the wellbeing of the child and provide the proper care to improve their standard of living (Jewkes, Flood, and Lang, 2015). The priority of the social workers is to save the children by providing safety and security. There are many shelters through the country where the children suffering from domestic abuse are staying who are under the supervision of the social workers. The social workers play as an important role in showing empathy and maximise culture sensitivity as well as they can serve better service and care as a community educator coordinator where it is possible to raise awareness among the social communities about the sensitive issue of child abuse (Garbarino, 2017). Providing counselling is another role of the social workers where the social workers try to emphasise on the children and understand their needs and preferences as well as identify the issues and problems faced by the children during domestic violence so that the social workers can provide motivational speech to the children as well as improve their experiences towards positivity (Abramovitz, 2017). The social workers help the children to understand the cultural sensitivity and family dysfunction so that they can address the challenges as well as improve their understanding towards positivity. Advocating in the communities is another role of the social workers, where the social workers safe the children by providing them legal, medical and financial support so that they can overcome their situation during domestic violence. Advocating the victims in the society, giving punishment, assisting the children, controlling their emotion, protecting them with safety and security as well as giving the children proper shelter and education are the role pf the social workers through which they try to meet their aim of supporting the children (Ford, 2017). The social workers also aim at balancing the education and intangible among the children. Extreme desire to assist the children, who are domestically abused as well as providing suitable and healthier environment for enhancing the wellbeing of the children are the major concern of the social workers. The social workers are able to face the situation and have strong knowledge and capabilities to deal the troubling situation of the children (Moos, 2017). Commitment to judgements and decision with emotional impediment can also be fulfilled by the social workers where the workers try to cooperate with all the children and acknowledge their difficulties and problems in living at home. The social workers also need to provide educational program to all the children where strong balance of classroom and experiential coursework as well as specialisation on children’s ability and providing proper educational program are helpful for the children to improve their living condition where they can enhance their wellbeing (Coveney et al., 2019). The social workers support the children by enhancing cooperation and communication for building strong relationship with them and protect them with safety, security, shelter, treatment and education so that the children can get suitable environment to enhance their wellbeing.

3.5 Strategies to support the children

Implementing the Children Protection Law and Department of Education in England are effective as these are responsible for child protection, where the laws and legislations are effective for protecting the children with proper care, support and education so that they can get safe environment. Facilitating friendship with the children is necessary for building string relationship and supporting them properly. Proper bonding and Trust and loyalty among the children are effective to improve their participation where the children try to cooperate with the social workers for improving their standard of living (Vourlekis, 2017). Nurturing and attachment with the children, as well as knowledge and parenting as well as child development program are also strategic planning to protect the children from domestic violence. Concrete support from the parents is necessary and, in this regard, it is important to support the family members and raise concern among the parents o that they can communicate with the social workers and protect their children for their physical and mental development. Social connection is another important factor to support the children in which the social workers try to enhance communication and cooperation with the family members, friends and neighbours of the children who face domestic violence. Supporting the children’s social and emotional development is also necessary and, in this regard, acknowledging the children’s needs and preferences and their problems at home are effective for cooperating with the children and share their experience (Van der Kolk, 2017). This is necessary for building trust and loyalty among the children and protect them with safety and security. Educational training providing proper health and social care service as well as community and mental health service are also beneficial for the social workers to treat the children with better acre and support. Nurturing the parents and promoting different educational program are necessary to protect the children who face domestic violence. Training to the children, proper counselling, motivational speech as well as improving performnace of the children are also effective for child protection and mitigating the incident of child abuse. Encouraging the children and supporting them with medical treatment, care and providing safety environment and proper education are also beneficial to help the children for enhancing the wellbeing of the children.

3.6 Implications of social practice for helping the children

The social workers play an important role in serving better care and support to the children who are experiencing the incident of domestic violence. In this regard, the social workers try to cooperate with the health care providers such as doctors, physicians and nurses to provide better care and treatment to the children and protect them successfully. There are many cases which are not revealed due to lack of record keeping and, in this regard, the social workers try to visit different social communities and survey the locality to identify whether there are any children who are abused at home (Ashenden, 2016). This is effective for the social workers to assess the children and acknowledge the problems of the children that they face at home. The social workers in this regard also play important role to acknowledge the needs and preferences of the children and secure them successfully by providing food, shelter, safety and security, the children are facing several negative consequences such as trauma, depression, anxiety and stress which sometimes leads the children to self-harm and attempting suicide. In this regard, the social workers try to cooperate with the children and protect them with love, security and building strong bond so that the children ca feel safe under the shelter of the social workers. In addition to these, proper treatment and support ware provided to the children so that it is possible to develop their physical and mental health. The social workers also arrange counselling sessions and provide education for successful child development.

3.7 Summary

Through this literature review chapter, it is possible for the researcher to develop in depth knowledge and understanding about the social workers who are playing activities role in supporting and protecting the children who are experiencing domestic violence. Reviews of journal and books as well as online website and articles are effective in this regard to support the research and provide a scope to the researcher to acknowledge the strategic planning to support the children with domestic violence.

Chapter 4: Findings, analysis and reflective critique

4.1 Introduction

Through this chapter, it is possible for the researcher to conduct data analysis after representing the collected information successfully. In this regard, proper thematic analysis can be conducted where the researcher develops proper these to analyse the above-mentioned research topic. Each theme will be analysed and evaluated int he basis of the collected secondary information through reviewing the existing literatures. Proper data analysis will be presented in this chapter where the discussion over the gathered data and information will be beneficial to draw appropriate concussion in the next chapter.

4.2 Findings

Through developing different these, it is possible for the researcher to represent the collected information successfully where each theme is helpful to meet the above-mentioned research objectives. The themes or repressing the findings are such as,

Theme 1:

There are several cases for domestic violence where the children suffer tremendously with different types of torture at home

The children in the recent years face issues and serious consequences at their home where they cannot get proper environment at their homes to stay and live safely due to torture at home. There are different types of torture such as shouting and screaming of the children, punishment from the adults at home, sexual abuse, physical abuse as well as verbal abuse where tit has negative impacts on the children’s mentality (Katz, 2017). The parents and other family members fail to provide safe and suitable environment to the children where they can stay happily. However, the cases of domestic abuse are increasing where there are many children who are facing problems at their home. As per the research, approximately 160,000 children in England are facing the issues of domestic violence and they experience negative activities at home where they are not treated well.

Theme 2:

There are serious consequences of such incident of domestic violence on the children which needs proper diagnosis and support for enhancing the wellbeing of the children

There are many serious consequences among the children for such issue of domestic violence and first of all, the mentality of the children is hampered due to lack of getting proper environment to stay and live happily. In addition to these, the children are facing depression, stress and anxiety where they fail to control their emotion, anger and stress. It leads to depression where the children cannot lead their normal lives. Additionally, hypersensitivity, behavioural disorders and mental health issues are also increasing year to year where the children are facing stress, negative environment and negative activities at their home. They are not treated well and further isolated from the social communities. Some children become alcohol and drug addicted and some try to attempt suicide due to such experience at their childhood. In order to mitigate theses consequences, it is necessary for the health and social ca care professionals and social worker to intervene int he social communities and protect the children successfully so that the chidden can get suitable environment for living happily (Izaguirre, and Calvete, 2015).

Theme 3:

The social worker is playing important role in enhancing their performnace in supporting the children

The social workers aim at protecting the children who are experiencing domestic violence where they try to assess the children and acknowledge their current situation at home. Proper assessment and cooperation with the children are helpful for the social workers to support the children and protect them successfully. Providing them proper environment, maintaining safety and security, giving them food and shelter and building string relationship with love and trust as well as providing educational and training program will also be effective for the social workers to intervene in the process and raise awareness in the social communities for meeting the needs and preferences of the children by giving them suitable environment for enhancing their wellbeing (Thompson, 2015).

Theme 4:

The strategies of supporting the children are useful to protect the children in near future and mitigate the incident of child abuse

The strategic planning for supporting the children is necessary for developing intervention planning, so that it is possible for the social workers to support the children and protect them successfully. In this regard, arranging different educational program for the children is necessary where the children can attend the schools and learn more for their future development, it provides them a scope to overcome their current situation and learn the positive activities in daily lives, which in turn enhance their living standard, awareness campaign needs to be developed by the social workers at different locality where proper information sharing activities about the parenting style and child development program. Implementing the laws and legislations of the Child Protection Act is also effective strategic planning where every child matter and they deserve better environment safety and security and proper education at their early age for better future. Additionally, proper medical treatment and care needs to be provided to all the children where proper diagnosis and counselling are effective to treat the children efficiently, where motivational speech, proper bonding with the social workers and different program for enhancing the living condition of the children can help the children to overcome their trauma and stress which they have experienced due to domestic violence.

Theme 5:

There are positive impacts on the society where the social workers try to contribute in successful social development

There are several positive impacts for supporting children who are experiencing domestic violence and in this regard the social workers play a crucial role in having the wellbeing of the children by providing them safety and security, in this regard, the crime of domestic violence can be resolved in different social communities where the social workers try to intervene in social communities and help the children to get proper environment for improving their living condition (Hillis, Mercy, and Saul, 2017). Moreover, proper communication with the children and counselling process are also helpful to promote better environment and ensure social development. Social development with rising awareness about the consequences of such domestic violence as well as sharing information about good parenting and providing safe environment to the children are also contributing factors to mitigate the crime of child abuse at home.

4.3 Discussion over the gathered findings

As per the data and information gathered from the secondary sources of information, it can be stated that the incident of domestic abuse among the children is increasing rapidly where the children face different negative behaviour for their parents, neighbours and behaviour such as slapping, screaming, pushing and different punishment as well as negative behaviour, shouting, sexual abuse, physical torture, mental abuse and verbal abuse where the children lead to depression and stress due to negative environment at home. The children who are facing such consequences, are suffering from stress, anxiety, behavioural disbalance, hypersensitivity and depression for which their physical and mental development hampered in long run. In this regard it is necessary for the social workers to intervene in the social communities and raise awareness about children domestic abuse so that it is possible to develop proper care plan for all the children as well as help them successful by fulfilling their needs and preferences. Protecting the children with food, shelter love and education is the responsibility of the social workers where the social workers try to protect the children by giving them shelter with safety and security. The social workers also provide them proper education so that the children can attend school and learn for their future development. Additionally, providing food, safety and security as well as emotional attachments with the children are effective factors that contribute in child protection and mental development of the victims. Moreover, the social workers also aim to provide medical treatment and counselling so that the victims can be diagnosed well, and they can improve their physical and mental health. Proper control over their emption and improving mental balance can be possible through the counselling sessions where the children can take active part in communicating with the social workers. In this process, the children also can improve their mental condition and release stress and anxiety through continuous cooperation and communication with the social workers. In addition to these, proper educational program is beneficial where the children can be engaged with proper education, interact with the teaching professionals and other members at the school and overcome their stress and depression through learning. Hereby, the role of the social workers is crucial for enhancing social development where the children can be protected well. Through intervention planning, the social workers can protect the children and give them better environment to stay with safety and security.

4.4 Summary

As per the data findings and analysis, it can be stated that, it is necessary for the social workers to enhance their intervention in the social communities to guide and protect the children and give them suitable environment to stay safely, as well as provide them food and education to support their future development. Apart from that, proper medical service and counselling are also helpful for the children to improve their physical and mental development where they can control their behaviour and overcome their trauma during the incident of domestic violence.

Chapter 5: Conclusion

It can be concluded that, the role of the social workers is important in social development where the children can get protected environment for staying safely. Throughout the research, it is posisbel to collect information which are relevant and valid for analysing the above-mentioned research topic. Effective review of the literature such as books, journals and articles are beneficial for conducting the research efficiently in which it is found that there is increasing numbers of children who are experiencing the incident of domestic violence. It is the responsibility of the social workers to mitigate the crime of children abuse at home through developing proper intervention process. The research is effective to meet each of the research objectives and answer all the questions of the study through thematic analysis, where the themes are such as there are several cases for domestic violence where the children suffer tremendously with different types of torture at home, there are serious consequences of such incident of domestic violence on the children which needs proper diagnosis and support for enhancing the wellbeing of the children, the social worker are playing important role in enhancing their performnace in supporting the children, the strategies of supporting the children are useful to protect the children in near future and mitigate the incident of child abuse and there is positive impacts on the society where the social workers try to contribute in successful social development. Through the thematic analysis, it is also possible to develop proper analysis for evaluating the findings which in turn help to meet all the objectives of the research. As per the research, it has been found that, the social workers plays an important role to protect the children with safety and security where they are also taking care of building strong relationship with the children through emotional attachment ad trust so that the children can be safe and cooperate with the social workers for enhancing their wellbeing. In addition to these, the educational program for the children and medical treatment are also helpful for physical and mental development of the children where the children can get proper education for future development as well as get mental support from the peers and social workers or mental development where they can overcome their trauma that they have experienced for domestic violence. The research is helpful to understand the strategic planning to protect the children who are suffering from domestic violence as well as provides an overview about the role of the social workers for supporting the children for their physical and mental development. In future, the research would be helpful for further research with more primary research through intervening the children who have experienced domestic violence which in turn helps to increase efficiency to gather more valid information and analyse the information with proper data analysis technique.

Reference List

Abramovitz, M., 2017. Regulating the lives of women: Social welfare policy from colonial times to the present. London: Routledge.

Ashenden, S., 2016. Governing Child Sexual Abuse: negotiating the boundaries of public and private, law and science. London: Routledge.

Bywaters, P., Brady, G., Sparks, T., Bos, E., Bunting, L., Daniel, B., Featherstone, B., Morris, K. and Scourfield, J., 2015. Exploring inequities in child welfare and child protection services: Explaining the ‘inverse intervention law’. Children and Youth Services Review, 57, pp.98-105.

Cuartas, J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ma, J. and Castillo, B., 2019. Civil conflict, domestic violence, and poverty as predictors of corporal punishment in Colombia. Child abuse & neglect, 90, pp.108-119.

Desir, M.P. and Karatekin, C., 2018. Parental reactions to parent-and sibling-directed aggression within a domestic violence context. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 23(3), pp.457-470.

Ford, J.D., 2017. Treatment implications of altered affect regulation and information processing following child maltreatment. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), pp.410-419.

Haselschwerdt, M.L., Hlavaty, K., Carlson, C., Schneider, M., Maddox, L. and Skipper, M., 2019. Heterogeneity within domestic violence exposure: Young adults’ retrospective experiences. Journal of interpersonal violence, 34(7), pp.1512-1538.

Hillis, S.D., Mercy, J.A. and Saul, J.R., 2017. The enduring impact of violence against children. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(4), pp.393-405.

Howarth, E., Moore, T.H., Stanley, N., MacMillan, H.L., Feder, G. and Shaw, A., 2019. Towards an ecological understanding of readiness to engage with interventions for children exposed to domestic violence and abuse: Systematic review and qualitative synthesis of perspectives of children, parents and practitioners. Health & social care in the community, 27(2), pp.271-292.

Izaguirre, A. and Calvete, E., 2015. Children who are exposed to intimate partner violence: Interviewing mothers to understand its impact on children. Child abuse & neglect, 48, pp.58-67.

Jewkes, R., Flood, M. and Lang, J., 2015. From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), pp.1580-1589.

Johnson, J.M., 2017. Horror stories and the construction of child abuse. In Images of issues (pp. 17-32). London: Routledge.

Katz, P.C., 2017. Supporting Families and Children of Mothers in Jail: An Integrated Child Welfare 1 and Criminal Justice Strategy. In Children with Parents in Prison (pp. 27-44). London: Routledge.

Lawson, J., 2019. Domestic violence as child maltreatment: Differential risks and outcomes among cases referred to child welfare agencies for domestic violence exposure. Children and Youth Services Review, 98, pp.32-41.

Levchenko, A., 2018. Subjects of child protection from harmful advertising information: some peculiarities of legal administrative status. Administrative law and process, (3 (22)), pp.54-66.

Moos, R.H., 2017. Evaluating treatment environments: The quality of psychiatric and substance abuse programs. London: Routledge.

Øverlien, C. and Holt, S., 2019. Letter to the Editor: Research on Children Experiencing Domestic Violence. Journal of Family Violence, 34(1), pp.65-67.

Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M.J., Alink, L.R. and van IJzendoorn, M.H., 2015. The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: Review of a series of meta‐analyses. Child Abuse Review, 24(1), pp.37-50.

Victor, B.G., Henry, C., Gilbert, T.T., Ryan, J.P. and Perron, B.E., 2019. Child protective service referrals involving exposure to domestic violence: prevalence, associated maltreatment types, and likelihood of formal case openings. Child maltreatment, p.1077559519843605.

Van der Kolk, B.A., 2017. This issue: child abuse & victimization. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), pp.374-378.

Thompson, R.A., 2015. Social support and child protection: Lessons learned and learning. Child Abuse & Neglect, 41, pp.19-29.

Vourlekis, B., 2017. Social work case management. London: Routledge.