Domestic violence is a vice that transcends, ethnic, racial, gender, age, household income boundaries. However, it does not affect these groups equally. The prevalence of domestic abuse among whites in the United Kingdom (UK) will differ from its prevalence in Black, Asian Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities. In fact, research shows that domestic violence is two to three times more prevalent in BAME than white communities (Crenshaw, 2018). Most studies on the topic of domestic violence have often been based on a comparison between Whites and minorities. In this regard, this paper will focus majorly on BAME women and their predisposition to domestic violence.
Many laws and agencies have defined the meaning of domestic violence or abuse. None of these explanations can be said to be perfect since they are attempts to capture the meaning and elements of domestic violence. Strickland and Allen describes domestic violence thus: any incident that entails controlling, threatening behavior or violence between persons aged 16 and over; and are in or were at some point in an intimate relationship irrespective of gender or sexuality (Crenshaw, 2018). It can be a psychological, sexual, physical, financial, or emotional abuse. Researchers have often used the words family (domestic) violence, abuse, aggression, and mistreatment interchangeably in their studies. In the context of such studies, the above terms have been used to portray the meaning of domestic violence as discussed above. All of the terms speak to more or less the same thing to the extent that it refers to physical, sexual, psychological, neglect and economic abuse in intimate interactions (Malley-Morrison and Hines, 2007). The relationships has been extended to even refer to parent-child, gay-lesbian, adult-aging parent, bisexual-transsexual and marital and cohabiting. Despite these broad definitions, the term domestic or family abuse cannot be conclusively defined in one paper. Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic group (BAME) covers multiple ethnicities cultures, nationalities and religions. Therefore, when reference is made to BAME communities, groups or women, it is to be taken as consisting of different communities each possessing unique issues of needs, lifestyle and concerns (Legal Services commission, 2009). A British African and British Chinese even though sharing a BAME status have different experiences at work, with their families and the community at large.
According to the Institute of Race Relations (2012), Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) is term that is used to describe people of non-white descent. Contextually, BME widely refers to persons who belong to non-White British Communities (Office for National Statistics, 2014). Ethnicity or ethnic are terms used to describe people who identify each other through a common heritage, common language or, common culture which can include a religion or an ideology which stresses a common ancestry. Most countries and people choose these terms as opposed to the out-dated and biological idea of race as an identity (Femi-Ajao, Kendal and Lovell, 2018). Still, there are countries like Canada that do not use the above term and instead refer to ethnic minority groups as migrant community. Generally, there is domestic abuse against women in the UK. There are commonalities and differences in the experience and impact of abuse on BME women and White British women. BME women are more likely to be victims of domestic violence compared to their White counterparts; domestic abuse is two to three times more prevalent in in the former than the latter community (Crenshaw, 2018). This has been attributed to certain unique factors that predisposes women in BME communities to domestic abuse including intimate partner violence. Cultural practices, inclinations and norms is responsible for the differential domestic violence. Additionally, there has been a difference in response from statutory services. In fact, a study has shown that half of women from Asian, Arab, African and Caribbean communities are likely to take up to five years before they report or seek help from the authorities (Siddiqui, 2016). The above situation is attributed to the poor state policies and responses to domestic abuse in BME communities. Domestic violence has a physical, emotional, mental and economic effect on the victims. Regardless of race, religion, sexuality and age, domestic violence occurs to anyone, however, statistics suggest that the vast majority are women (Crenshaw, 2018). High levels of domestic abuses have been reported in the UK between 2014 and 2015, 8.2% of women and 4% of men were recorded as being victims of domestic violence. On authority of a Crime Survey Report for England and Wales f 2017, 1.2 million women and 713,000 men were victims of domestic abuse (Crenshaw, 2018). While there are a number of studies on domestic violence in BME communities, the same has been too general and have not deeply delved in to key factors like culture, language and immigration as barriers. This research will thus be cantered around the above three factors.
On the authority of the Office of National Statistics, about 1.9 million adults aged 16 to 59 years were affected by domestic abuse in 2017. Crime Survey for England and Wales indicated that 1.2 million women and 713,000 men experienced domestic abuse in the year ending March 2017(Crenshaw, 2018). The White Ribbon claims that two women are killed in a week by their partners or ex-partner, and 45% of women have at one point in their life experienced domestic abuse (Crenshaw, 2018). A third of BAME women are three times more prone to abuse by multiple perpetrators while a quarter of BAME victims need the assistance of an interpreter in order to communicate effectively to the authorities or service providers (Imkaan Report, 2015).. Additionally, one in five BAME victims has limited or no recourse to public funds.
Looking for further insights on Campus Assault and Consent Laws? Click here.
Women from minority ethnic groups are face with similar challenges as white British women. These challenges include exposure to substance abuse, domestic abuse, and possibility of having primary care of dependent children. There is limited data on the status of minority women in the prison system hence comparisons over time becomes difficult. Prison Reform Trust of 2017 indicates that the chances of a black women being remanded or sentenced to custody than other women (Prison Reform Trust, 2017). Due to their likelihood to be sole parents, the implications of their remand or imprisonment are far-reaching. A survey by HM Inspectorate of Prisons indicated that women from minority ethnic groups face racial and religious discrimination mainly from fellow prisoners and staff (Prison Reform Trust, 2017). Immigration controls even though probably well-intended pose a serious challenge to minority women given that some of them are foreigners. Cultural and language barriers therefore may pose a challenge when dealing with immigration officials. Corston suggests that the plight of women form minority ethnic groups have been misunderstood and neglected because of their individual and diverse nature of the problems (Corston, 2007). As a result, minority women can be said to face a lot of challenges in the criminal justice system. In the same breathe, the draft Abuse Bill has been severely criticized for being shallow. The draft bill while addressing the safety of women generally falls short of securing the safety of migrant women (Crenshaw, 2018).. Civil societies like Step up Migrant Women have expressed their dissatisfaction with the draft bill’s failure to tackle and cover issues relating to migrant women. It is their contention that the bill ought to have offered equal protection for all women in the UK irrespective of their immigration status (Anthias, 2014). The issues raised above falls squarely on the challenges faced by BAME women who in some cases are immigrants from other countries hoping to get a better life in the UK.
Women from ethnic minorities are more likely to be victims of domestic violence. This can be attribute to certain challenges that women face in their respective settings, which predisposes then to violence. The manner of response to domestic violence on women is also different when compared to majority Whites. The difference is manifested in whether they choose to get help from the community or police and the kind of treatment they receive from persons offering protection and reporting services to victims of domestic violence. A study has shown that half of Arab, African Caribbean, and Asian women would wait up to five years before they consider seeking for help for domestic abuse (Anthias, 2014). A lot of harm is occasioned to the minority women who have to endure for three or even four years before they can report such violence. Studies indicate that Asian women undergo serious domestic violence just like the other minorities. However, the difference is that it is seriously underreported. It thus appears that the social setting in such communities limits the ability of abused women to report their grievances to authorities or people responsible for redress (Crenshaw, 2018). Asian women have been found to be subjected to domestic violence not only by their husbands but also by family members. According to Grossman and Lundy (2007), structural failings cause financial dependence on violent partners with no options for funds. BAME women are mostly dependent on their male partners for upkeep hence when they become abusive; they are left with no viable choices. This explains why some BAME women can stay for as long as five years before leaving an abusive partner. Equally, reporting abuse becomes a challenge when the perpetrator is the breadwinner of the family. The victim is forced to tolerate with no recourse to follow. The same disability accrues from situations where BAME women depend on their male partners for their immigration status (Hague, Thiara and Mullender, 2010). This leaves them with little or no choice to remain in an abusive relationship because if she dare leaves, she risks jeopardizing her immigration status.
Take a deeper dive into Still Appears To Be An Incomplete Or Misspelled Term with our additional resources.
A study by Hague et al. (2010) suggests that communities also contribute in acceleration of BAME women problems. A community may place pressure on the woman to stay in an abusive relationship and if happens to leave then she is ostracized and will experience stigma for the rest of her life, as long as she is within that community (Hague et al., 2010). The community may consider it shameful and an embarrassment to leave an abusive partner to an extent that one is maligned and discriminated upon by her family members. It follows that family members become reluctant to support women in the course of leaving an abusive partner. To make matters worse, women in such situations are themselves reluctant to seek support from the concerned pubic authorities like Social Services (Imkaan Report, 2015). Studies have further indicated that the reluctance to seek help from public agencies is not only because of fear of the family reaction, but also the lack of culturally sensitive services. Therefore, victims of abuse or violence continue to suffer due to both community and governmental failure. As bad as it is, there are cultures and religions that view domestic violence as permissible. A woman may face abuse in such scenarios owing to her failure to adhere to certain standards set by the community or family. There are instances where the victim has not agreed to the wishes and expectation of the community and is hence subjected to domestic violence as a way of punishment or admonishment (Grossman and Lundy, 2007). For instance, a woman who associates as an LGBTQ might face domestic abuse from a community that has strong beliefs against such identification.
Research by NSPCC found out that victims from BAME groups stay in abusive relationships for longer, which has a negative implications for children and victims in the concerned households (Izzidien, 2008). Such situations arise where there are community barriers to seeking support and disclosure of abuse. Therefore, victims continue to suffer silently being unable to find a way out of the problem. In the end, it may even lead to repetitive violence or abuse. Researchers have had different conclusions regarding the role of alcohol in domestic violence especially in BAME communities. However, the general consensus is that although alcohol and drugs do not necessarily instigate domestic abuse, it falls among the risk factors for predicting violence. That notwithstanding, studies have shown that alcohol is a catalyst to domestic abuse among BME communities and specifically blacks. According to a study by the University Of Texas Houston School Of Public Health, frequent or excessive drinking lead to increased violence in blacks, Hispanics and even whites (Anthias, 2014). Consequently, alcohol has a role in domestic violence.
Social isolation of BAME women in the UK is majorly attributed to language barriers. Women experiencing abuse may not be English speakers therefore creating a barriers between them and the concerned authority that would have assisted her out of the problem (Malley-Morrison and Hines, 2007). Communication is a key aspect for obtaining information from a victim and also passing information to them about their options. This has been so bad that at times, victims cannot make phone calls because they will not be understood on the other side by the assisting authority. It is a major challenge associated with BAME women who are mostly immigrants from non-English speaking countries.
Honour crimes entail a variety of violence related crimes though not necessarily exclusive to women. Some communities that take hard-line stands on religious or cultural norms may condone assault, murder, or imprisonment, where a person is punished by their family (Malley-Morrison and Hines, 2007). In their belief, such communities are correcting the behaviour of a person who has gone against their code of ethics. The difference between honour violence and other forms is that it is undertaken with some degree approval from the community or family concerned. According to Karma Nirvana, about 12 women are killed every year as consequence of honour bases violence in the UK. (Imkaan Report, 2015). In these cases, the victim has no way out of such a situation unless an external influence is exerted and even if done, they can never return and be accepted by such communities or families. Research shows that although honour based violence can occur to other majority women, the level of disclosure for BAME women is critically lower than that of the overall population. This points towards a serious challenge in tackling the above problem given that a third of BAME women are three times more likely to face abuse from multiple perpetrators.
Hague, Thiara and Mullender (2010) in their study describes forced marriages as those which one or both parties have not consented to the union. It means that either one of the parties to the marriage has been coerced to enter the marriage. Duress can be used to compel especially women to enter into a union that given a choice she would not consent to under ordinary circumstances (Hague, Thiara and Mullender, 2010). This can take different forms including sexual, financial, emotional, physical, and psychological pressure on the unwilling party. Again, the same is connected to early marriages and child marriages to some extent.
Lack of recourse to public funds is, and will still be, a major setback to empowering BAME women if not adequately addressed. Studies show that even if a woman was courageous enough to leave despite the community’s stigma, she will find it very difficult to survive especially when she has children dependent on her (Hague, Thiara and Mullender, 2010). This is a major drawback for women with resolve to leave abusive relationships. Ultimately, they are left at the mercy of well-wishers since there are no mechanisms to provide financial cushion to such strong women. It is a government failure that has since been highlighted even by the Concluding Observation of Committee for the Convention for Elimination of All forms of Violence against Women UK in 2008. Non-governmental organizations engaged in elimination of violence against women in BAME communities have always decried inadequacy of funds. Most of these are charity based and rely on donor findings hence have limited finances to deal with rising cases of domestic violence among BAME communities. Imkaan, a UK based organization dedicated to addressing abuse against BAME women and girls released a report in 2015 stating that out of 733 BAME women who sought refuge spaces in London only a paltry 154 were accommodated (Imkaan Report, 2015). In order to deal effectively with these inequalities organizations like Imkaan need to be adequately funded. Unfortunately, the UK government has not implemented this. Most BAME women experiencing domestic abuse are unemployed and have no separate sources of income. Therefore, they have limited options when they can no longer endure the abuse from their partners on who they depend on for upkeep (Anthias, 2014). This, compounded with the high unemployment rate in the UK gives nothing but disillusionment to the victims. Even where employment opportunities are available, some of the minority women have qualifications that are not recognized in the UK. It follows that they have to retrain to be accepted in a well-paying job and stable job. All these prove to be a difficult task for a woman experiencing abuse from both partner and community.
On authority of Izziden (2008), poor housing policies affect BAME women in different ways. Access to housing is tied to the economic ability of a person hence this becomes extremely tough for women from minority groups who are constantly facing family abuse. Women from minority communities in addition to facing poverty issues still have to live in substandard houses without any recourse to better housing (Izziden, 2008). If government-housing policies were effective, there would be improved living conditions including access to affordable and quality housing.
Formulation of appropriate laws and policies in response to domestic violence can change the perception of the society. However, laws and policies without public participation followed by awareness campaigns are not effective in the long-term (Izziden (2008). The UK has ratified various international instruments relating to elimination of domestic violence including: International Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR), Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention against Torture among other important treaties. Despite the ratification of all these important international instruments, the UK still needs to put more effort and resources into specific weak area like BAME women’s vulnerability to domestic violence.
This section will discuss the research methodology that is applied to the present research. The research method used for this research is a Systematic Literature Review. This section will explain the research method and discuss the protocol that was followed for applying this method for data collection. This research is conducted with the help of qualitative research methodology. Research design is defined as “types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches that provide a specific direction for procedures in a research design” (Creswell, 2013, p. 12). Qualitative approach is open and subjective and uses a low level of measurement (Opoku, Ahmed, & Akotia, 2016, p. 35). A Qualitative approach is generally associated with Interpretivist research philosophy as it is subjective and sees the researcher’s use of epistemology for interpretation (Collis & Hussey, 2009). Qualitative research is appropriate for research studies that involve the revealing of multiple narratives, and greater insight (Creswell, 2013). Qualitative research is flexible enough to involve difficult studies as there is no set and fixed methods that the researcher must follow in research (Willis & Jost, 2007).
An initial identification of idea topic that will guide the researcher in their research is the first and essential step in the process which becomes the basis for the research plan and design created by the researcher (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2012; Wilson, 2014). It is considered that identifying research idea is essential for determining how the researcher will approach the research design (Wilson, 2014). There are four research philosophies in general: Realism, Positivism, Interpretivism, Post-modernism and Pragmatism (Creswell, 2013; Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2012). Each of these philosophies has a specific outreach and guide the researcher to design the researcher in a specific way. Realism is related to empiricism and is a part of scientific practice or research method and can be a critical approach (Bryman & Bell, 2015). Positivism is objective and scientific in its approach, where the researcher does not apply interpretative or critical perspectives and is not concerned with the world of the participant for the purpose of formulating judgement or final findings (Easterby-Smith, et al., 2002). Interpretivism focusses on the epistemological consideration of the views of the researcher (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2012). The interpretivist research philosophy is focused on deriving meaning data through …. A Post-modernist research philosophy relates to the application of post-colonial perspectives to research subjects and is critical of calm social scientists (Dickens & Fontana, 2015; Bryman & Bell, 2015). Pragmatism seeks to avoid the firm distinctions between realism and anti-realism approaches and it relies more on experience for deriving meaning from the data (Morgan, 2007). This research design is guided by interpretivist research idea. Interpretivism allows the researcher to derive meaning from the data from an appropriate perspective (Myers, 2013). In this research, the subject matter is complex and complicated as the area of research is domestic violence in the context of Black and Ethnic Minority women. This area involves many contexts and layers, which will be open to particular study by the researcher under an interpretivist methodology.
The principal method of data collection for this research is a systematic literature review, which involves the researcher in a systematic review of quality peer reviewed research articles. A systematic literature review is defined as the summary of all the available and accessible and relevant literature applicable to the research question that is being considered by the researcher (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). A systematic literature review is characterised by research that sees the researcher identifying, selecting, and reviewing all available data, which usually consists of peer reviewed journal articles and primary empirical (Bettany -Saltivok,2012). In this research, the researcher has chosen a systematic literature review because this would ensure that the most relevant and quality literature is selected through following a procedure that will involve the consideration of peer reviewed articles on the subject of domestic violence in the context of Black and Ethnic Minority women in the UK. As systematic literature review is done with the view to gathering “all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question” (Green, et al., 2011, p. 6); this method is considered the most appropriate method for arriving at the most relevant data for this research.. One of the advantages of following this approach is that the researcher ensures a decrease in bias as the method of review of available literature is clear (Green, et al., 2011). According to Perrin (2015) This reduction in bias can lead to the improvement in reliability of data and findings of the research. In qualitative research, this is especially significant because qualitative research is sometimes thought to be less credible than quantitative research (Perrin, 2015). Furthermore, qualitative research is thought to be unsystematic as compared to quantitative research design (Perrin, 2015). Using a systematic literature review can help the qualitative researcher to create a research design that is free from bias in terms of data collection and analysis (Green, et al., 2011). Systematic research can be used by using the PEO method (Population, Exposure, Outcomes), which is employed in research studies that see the researcher posing qualitative research questions at the beginning of the research study (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). The present study will use the PEO method as there are specific research questions that are posed at the beginning of the research, which are sought to be answered through the systematic literature review. The following Table 1 shows the components of the PEO method and the elements that will be included in this method.
The population consists of the population that will be considered in the research, in this case Black and Ethnic Minority women. This will have an effect for the inclusion and exclusion criteria (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). Only Black and Ethnic Minority women will be included, and others will be excluded. Men will also be excluded from the research. The exposure relates to the specific variable factor that is being researched into, in this case this being domestic violence. Therefore, self-harm will be excluded from the research. Outcomes relate to the specific factors that are related to the experience of domestic violence for Black and Ethnic Minority women, in this case, these relevant factors being social and cultural factors. To conclude this section, this research study will be conducted with the help of a systematic literature review, for which the focus will be on research for the identification of the most appropriate peer reviewed articles on the subject (Green, et al., 2011). This data will be collected through electronic databases. The focus of the researcher will remain the identification of high-quality literature with respect to domestic violence in context of Black and Ethnic Minority women in the UK (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012).
The eligibility criteria for the peer reviewed articles that will be included in this research are based on the link between the issue of domestic violence and the experiences of Black and Ethnic Minority women in the UK. This means that for the purpose of this study, the systematic literature review will include peer reviewed articles and primary studies that are related to experiences of domestic violence of Black and Ethnic Minority women in the UK. By using these criteria, the researcher will be able to identify the most appropriate studies and articles to be included in this research. (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). The advantage of the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria is that it drives the focus of research and helps the researcher to weed out irrelevant articles. The following Table 2 represents the inclusion and exclusion criteria that will be used in this research for the purpose of systematic literature review.
The databases systematically searched were Met search and Google Scholar.Met search was systematically searched for appropriate articles that matched the inclusion criteria for systematic literature review. As recent peer reviewed articles were scarce, the search was expanded to include articles that were up to 6 years old. Met search was used because it provides an accessible database for books and peer reviewed journals. Google Scholar search engine was also used for locating the suitable literature on domestic violence of Black and Ethnic Minority women in the UK. Google Scholar was used as it is a large database, including primary and secondary sources in the
The main question that this research seeks to ask is: “What are the experiences of Black and Ethnic Minority women in the context of domestic violence in the UK?” A search string is formed for the purpose of data search on the electronic databases. This search string allows the researcher to focus the research on the subject area. For the purpose of forming the search strong, the population and variable of interest in the core question are first identified and then these are used to break the string into two parts, the first covering the population, and the second covering the variable of interest. This gives the following two sections: (a) Black and Ethnic Minority women in the UK; (b) domestic violence. These sections yield the following search string, which will be used to search the electronic databases for relevant literature and empirical studies: (Black and Ethnic Minority Women OR Minority Women OR BME Women AND (domestic violence OR domestic abuse). The synonyms for the population and variable of interests are used because at times, articles may include the synonyms in the names. Using synonyms allows the researcher to include all possible and relevant articles in the research.
The sifting process comes after the initial search results are yielded in the electronic databases. The initial results may reveal a large number of articles, many of which will be irrelevant to the current research study. A sifting process is used by the researcher after the initial results come through for the purpose of identifying the most relevant articles out of the articles generated in the initial research (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). The sifting process sees the researcher applying a quality analysis test to the initial results of the electronic database search for the articles. Applying a quality analysis test allows the researcher to identify the most persuasive articles by considering the methodology, arguments and evidence that is presented in the abstracts of the articles (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). By applying the sifting process, the researcher can find the articles that are the closest to the research question posed in the beginning of the research (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). The PRISMA protocol can be used for ensuring that the most relevant articles are selected on the basis of the quality of the articles. The PRISMA protocol involves definition of search terms, identification of databases and search engines and journals, and application of appropriate filters for inclusion and exclusion criteria (PRISMA, 2015). The quality of the articles at the sifting process stage can be ensured by reading through the abstracts and considering the methodologies and processes involved in the research (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012).
This is one of the most important considerations in qualitative research studies. As discussed above, qualitative research studies are at times considered to be lacking in credibility and for this bias reduction is an important consideration for the researcher (Perrin, 2015). There are possibilities of bias even in the most difficult of systematic reviews due to the selection of articles being subjective on the part of the researcher (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012, p. 11). However, this bias can be reduced if the researcher uses a procedure for the sifting process that allows him to reduce bias by a systematic approach. In this research, the bias is reduced by the researcher using quality assessment techniques. Other possibilities of bias may include language selection (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012). In this research study, language bias is reduced because the research itself is based in the UK, wherein the language is English. Moreover, only peer reviewed English articles are selected and for this the reduction of bias is done by ensuring that no relevant article from the English language peer reviewed journals is excluded from the data search.
After the application of the sifting process, the data extraction process is applied. This process sees the extraction of data from the selected research articles by reading and re-reading the articles selected to highlight the parts of the articles that are related to the research question involved in the current research (Bettany-Saltikov, 2012, p. 106). In the current research study, data extraction saw the researcher highlighting the parts of the articles that related to the experiences of the Black and Ethnic Minority women in context of domestic violence.
Once the data is extracted from the articles selected for the systematic literature review, the extracted data is subjected to analysis. In qualitative research, data analysis can be demanding because of the layers of data and at times its many quantity that needs to be analysed as well as meta-synthesised (Jones, 2004). One way of analysing qualitative data is through a method of thematic analysis (Bearman & Dawson, 2013; Thomas & Harden, 2008). Thematic analysis of the data can be done by applying a repetitive process of reading the data and identifying the key themes in all the data, which are repeated themes in all the data (Bearman & Dawson, 2013). Organising the data into key themes is useful in qualitative research as this allows the researcher to finally focus analysis on these key themes, and finally reporting on these key themes. This helps the researcher to remain focused on those themes that are common to the data or have been reported in difficult research studies. It is also important that the researcher is able to remain objective in analysing the data, even when a method is being followed. Too much bias may rob the findings of the research of their potential for generalisable effect to the subject area, as explained:
“Making judgements about qualitative research requires a deep engagement with ‘rich, thick, description’ and the context of the study. Qualitative synthesis is by its nature a subjective process. The themes presented in qualitative work may be summarisable, but their meaning is sometimes close from the data and not usually generalisable beyond it” (Bearman & Dawson, 2013, p. 253).
Therefore, there is a need to ensure that the researcher is able to reduce bias so as to ensure that the findings are generalisable.
The search string generated 30,000 results in the first place. By narrowing the dates as per the inclusion criteria, the search results were narrowed down to 12000 articles. Considering the titles of the articles and whether these were appropriate for the literature review, the abstracts were read through if the titles reflected that the articles seemed appropriate for the study. Once the abstracts were read through, the search was further narrowed down to 250 articles. This final stage was the sifting process in which stage the quality and the relevance of the article was considered before deciding on including it in the final selection of articles for systematic literature review.
All the selected studies identified that immigration status was a strong factor for BME women experiencing Domestic Violence to report or address the violence or abuse that they were experiencing.
Study 2 Intimate Partner violence and abuse against Nigerian women resident in England, UK: Identified that the participants from Nigeria, who came to the UK on Visas of their spouses feared to leave their abusers due to immigration barriers. Graca (2017) has highlighted that, the women are facing barriers and they are reporting their experiences of domestic violence. The barriers are often created by the policies regulating their immigration status. In some cases, according to Graca (2017), women would not seek to redress or report the cases of Domestic violence because they fear that their immigration status lead to their deportation in further details. Graca (2017) pointed out that, this scenario may be complicated to women, who are not from the non-European union, hence makes them to report any case of domestic violence. The Participant 1 of the Study 2 stated that she was scared regarding her status which impeded her for not reporting the violence she suffered from her husband. The Participant also conveyed that her husband had intimidated her through suggesting that she would be deported if she approached the police with a complaint against him. The husband of the Participant also had been quite often threatening to leave her whenever they have an argument and the Participant has to plead to him to stay out of the fear of her immigrant and financial status (study 2, Participant 1).
‘’I could not seek help from women’s aid, social service sand children services I collected the numbers, but I did not do anything because I did not have papers’’. (Study 2, Participant 2)
Whereas UK immigration law recognises the vulnerability of individuals who came to UK on a partner spouse’s status and grants them permission to apply for ILR, even after overstaying their visa. The application can be successful, if they have proof that, their relationship broke, because of domestic violence and abuse during the probation period Graca (2017). They must provide evidence of proof like bills example rent or water bill to show that, they were in a genuine relationship during the probationary period. Hence, these things can prevent immigrant women to seek justice or report domestic violence in fear, that they will be deported.
This was reiterated in Study 3 Use of domestic violence by Portuguese women in England found that, on immigration Portuguese women are feared in reporting domestic violence because their husbands might get arrested and this would affect their stay in the country. According to XX Immigrant women experience, all sort of abuses under the fear that their partners will be deported, hence the partners or spouses took advantage of them knowing that the women depend on them for their immigration status. Study 4 identified that, all the four participants on a visa dependent of British citizens and all the women reported that, whole in the abusive relationship they could not seek or disclose as they had no recourse to public funds. Fear of deportation and dependence on husbands were very common in findings supporting evidence. According to Anitha (2008), Women affected by NRPF find it hard to access benefits and public housing unless they come with a complex set of narrowly defined needs, that can be met by the social services under the existing legislation, thus meaning that the women are experiencing domestic violence within two year period or more. If there sponsor visa has not renewed, their visa faces a stark choice of living with violent spouse or facing destitution. These complex issues make it impossible for immigrant women to leave their violent relationships hence the procedures takes long, hence fear of deportation, as well as fear of loss of their husband to prison sentence who are their breadwinners. This shows, how women, who have fragile and unstable immigration relationships status, are experiencing domestic violence hence UK immigration law should consider the vulnerability of these women experiencing domestic violence in the UK.
(Study 3) Paula et al. (2005) observed the nature between women and their spouses or partner that they value their relationships very much, hence when they abuse them, they prefer not to report in fearing that this may affect their visa when they want to renew their Visas .According to Erez (2000), migration worsens the gender linked vulnerability of women ,it makes women more dependent on ,and at many times put them at the mercy of husband ,intimate partners or extended families and their own ethnic racial communities thus women experiencing domestic violence fear to report their partners and spouses because they dependent on them.
Study 1, a series of interviews with 26 Pakistani women in UK found that disbelief and reluctance from immigration officers appears to be challenges faced by Pakistan women whenever they seek solutions on domestic violence. According to literature by Siddiqui et al. (2008), they highlighted the plight of Pakistan women in the UK facing domestic violence; and how Home office disbelieve such women when they seek help from the immigration department in Particular. Siddiqui et al (2008) also observes that home office officials often do not believe the immigrant women, who seek their help, a phenomenon that contributes to the difficulty in evidencing their reasons for seeking help. One Pakistani women from study 1 remembers immigration officers disbelieving her
‘’one immigration officer took my passport and laughed ‘she doesn’t want to go back home’ (Participant 1, study 1)
Patel (2003) found that, immigrant women often fear contact with state authorities in the destination country and under- utilise or avoid criminal justice altogether
While such evidence may need to be to be presented in objective and subjective material Nadia Siddiqui et al. (2008) found out that, they may not be able to present such and even if they present the evidence home office officials may not be convinced. According to Nadia Siddiqui et al (2008) Pakistan women in UK face the challenge of disbelief.
Language skills of the participants and the barriers that this presents was identified by most of the studies, as one of the main barriers to access support among the people of BME. A report produced by Black Association of Women Step Out (BAWSO DATE) reiterates this (and if not, then find someone who does). A number of sub-themes were found within this, including lack of proficiency in English, unable to access services and Interpretation Services.
Study 1: ‘Employment, masculinities and domestic violence in ‘fragile context: Pakistan women and Pakistani women in UK’ found out that a poor proficiency in English was a barrier that stopped the women seeking help or protection from their perpetrators. Menjivar & Salcido (2002) found that, the experiences of immigrant women in domestic violence situations are often worsened by their specific position as immigrants including limited host language skills.
Study 2 ‘Intimate study partner violence and abuse against Nigerian women resident in England, UK: a cross -sectional Study’ found that while study participants were mostly educated from Nigeria, they had a low level of proficiency in the English language prior coming to England. Thus, acculturation was prolonged for them and that meant that integrating and learning English took longer.
‘’I came here heavily accented, couldn’t take a paid employee…” (Study 1, participant 1)
According to the Participant 2 of Study 2, she had visited the facility of Women’s aid and had explained the problems which she had been experiencing. She had informed the personnel of the institution that she did not have alternate living accommodation and her husband was intending to have her murdered. The personnel to whom she had gone to seek support had suggested her to inform the police about her husband willing to murder her. However, the Participant 2 informed that linguistic barriers impeded her properly responding to the questions which had been put to her since she is not accustomed with the English language as she is a new arrival to Britain and she also expressed being in the dark concerning the scheme of occurrences at the UK. Language barrier is a common factor, that has been found to Barr women, seeking help or protection, when experiencing domestic violence. According to Battered women justice (2008), without understanding English, these ‘battered ‘women are not able to communicate with the police, medical team and learn about resources, accessible to them in the community or understand the legal system to obtain order for seeking protection or applying for their own citizenship.
Study 3 “Use of domestic violence services by Portuguese women in England” found that, Language barriers are one of the main obstacles that prevents women of BME not accessing services that are provided by Domestic violence agencies. Limited or no skills in speaking and reading or writing English DOES WHAT? According to respondents in this study, there was not enough information in Portuguese. According to the study, it is difficult to understand how the services can be implemented and how to navigate them so that it is possible for the Portuguese immigrants to learn English and integrate well to the large communities for seeking help. Study 3 conducted a number of interviews with support workers who were working with Portuguese women, who are immigrants and living in the UK. They also expressed concern on how it is possible to allocate resources for them: The respondent 1 of the Study 3 outlined that they had performed the independent researches regarding the determination of the ways through which the system performs. The general understanding had been that less skilled personnel would have experienced difficulties in conducting researches in this context. Apart from these, the respondent 2 of the study 3 had stated that eight different respondents who had been providing supporting assistance to Portuguese communities have confirmed that it has been inherently difficult to have the Portuguese to properly attend the information sessions or the cost exempted sessions of English learning or even to make them to volunteer their efforts. According to Sundari, (2008), women, who are not able speak English, are often unaware that, domestic violence services exist in this country. This was also reiterated by Rai and Thiara (1997) that, marriage migrants, who may not speak English, may not be aware of services available and having a support worker, who speaks in their language, can be a life line. In research done by Saheli (2008), only four out of six were fluent in written English and the rest had intermediate levels of comprehension which has implications for accessing written information such as leaflets, posters and understanding immigration documents.
Study 4 “Help seeking for domestic violence and abuse for women of ethnic minority populations”; found that, many research participants reported English as second language thus leading to poor quality communication during times of distress. It was also identified that interpreters used might hold information or not give a full account of the story on the victims’ side which would go undetected by those who do not know the language. According to Jyoti (2008), a domestic violence officer, had opined that British officers did not exhibit any patience to assist those who could not speak English properly and the entire process of requesting and availing the services of an interpreter is inherently a tedious as well as time consuming task due to the ever persisting dearth of interpreters.
The chief Executive of a women’s refuge said (Women’s aid 2016)
‘The use of inappropriate interpreters, usually elderly Asian males, brings range of problematic gender dynamics and may result in victims being reticent about telling their story in front of an elderly figure’
Victims who cannot communicate in English may be pressured not to seek help by their friends and relatives because they cannot express themselves, hence relatives and friends or interpreters can mispresent their stories (choudry, 1996). This makes it difficult for the women to escape from the abuse, because they would feel that, no one would be able to understand or believe their experiences.
The theme of Culture has also been identified as a barrier for BME women not fleeing or seeking refuge from their violent partners. According to (BAWSO), Within this theme, a number of subthemes have been identified. These are shame to the family, submissive to their husbands and seeking informal help. The following sections will explore these themes in relation to the data collected.
The theme of shame on the family was found within all of the studies. In study 2 ‘Intimate partner and abuse against Nigerian women resident in England’; found that the women interviewed were reluctant to flee violent relationships because of their belief that it brought shame to their families. The Participant of the Study 2 specified that the cultural bondage of such women in which the qualities of suffering with a contented heart is emphasised, had prevented her from speaking out and seeking help against domestic violence since she had been fearful of adverse public opinion and incurring a sense of general apathy and shame towards her in others. The participant was of the opinion that such cultural constraints become serious impediments for women such as her to overcome completely and perpetuate the troubles and tribulations of women such as hers since they are afraid that lodging complaints against their spouses would be perceived to be a matter of shame by the general community to which they belong to. The Participant 2 of Study 2, outlined that the general cultural implication of the Nigerian women such as hers is that they should expect to be subjected to violent behaviour by their spouses and it is considered that it is their duty to endure such incidents without any protest This was reiterated in study 4; ‘A qualitative systematic review of disclosure and help seeking for domestic violence and abuse among women from ethnic minority populations’ which found family as part of their identity and to walk away from their family as result of domestic violence and abuse was seen as a significant loss. Therefore, women prefer to suffer from domestic violence than to bring shame or lose their families. According to Gill (2004), who carried out in‐depth interviews with 21 Asian women, sixteen out of twenty-one women expressed embarrassment to speak to family and friends about violence and only six sought help from the external agencies.
Therefore, it would appear that this act of respecting marriages and fear of being labelled by the community can influence the disclosure and help seeking of BME women experiencing domestic violence. Fears of social ostracism and harassment that would result in name of destroying respect of not family, but the community prevent them from leaving abusive relationships (Siddiqui, 2005). In addition, participants in Belur (2008) reported that, culture as the main community influences which served as the barrier to disclosure. In their research, which explored the experiences of South Asian women, who were victims of domestic violence, it was found that the women interviewed “often struggle with feelings of guilt about letting their family and community down by involving outsiders in their domestic matters” (Belur, 2008:432).
Study 1; ‘Employment, masculinities and domestic violence in ‘fragile ’contexts: Pakistani women in Pakistan and the UK found that, regardless of the fact that, whether the women earned more or less than their partners, they would still be submissive to their husbands. The women in both the UK and Pakistan often reported prioritising their husband’s needs, so that they were not accused of neglecting them, hence being abused.
“If I left him, people would make fun of me that I left my husband because he was jobless.SO, however it be, sad or whatever, I feel I should just spend my life with him” Study 1 (participant 1)
One participant in the same study described how as a working woman, supporting her unemployed husband still felt subservient to her husband’s demands. She stated that after 10 pm at night, her husband had dictated his wish to provide him with cooked nuggets instantaneously and after a delay of approximately five to ten minutes, in spite of her sincere efforts, her husband had created a volatile and displeasing situation and had discarded her cooked meal on the floor of her bedroom. Despite such a situation, the participant had not been able to resist the abusive person. According to AI-khayyat (1991), male violence against their partners may be seen as necessary and proper to preserve the integrity of the man and the family. Their research shows that, not responding with violence after a supposed female behaviour may be seen as a source of weakness. Therefore, feminine sacrifice and family loyalty tend to be the dominant strongest culture of Black minority ethnic women. According to Gill (2004), in Asian communities, most of the women canvassed agreed that, the men are considered as superior to women, there was a cultural acceptance of slapping of woman and they reported it as normal according to their culture (Gill 2004).
Study 1 found that, the women felt pressurised to keep the violence secret as far as possible concealed within the home, for the shame and the fear of the community finding out. This means that, they often did not call upon the state and sought out more informal forms of support. The BME women, experiencing domestic violence in study 1, were found to have asked family members such as their parents or in-laws to intervene in the preference to professional outside services. As a result, they often would not get the support for separation or changes in their marriages that they sought.
One participant in study one described seeking help from her own father ………
” And I sort of sat there on the sofa, he cried. And I said to him why are you crying? And he cried because I was there, not a single tear in my because I had become immune to it And I think then it really hit him, God what has he done to my daughter?” (Study 1 participant 1)
Her father then reluctantly gave his support for separation with warning that it’s going to be hard without a man. According to Bleur (2008), they found that, there was a tendency among the Asian community to try and sort out their problems within the family and the community. It was considered as shameful to involve outsiders. However, the same study suggested that, things are changing for the younger generation who may be more vocal and may be less likely be subjected to or accept domestic violence. The more they are aware of their rights, thus being independent. They do not hesitate to involve police if their families are unable to sort the issues. Study 3; Use of domestic violence services by Portuguese women in England; Portuguese women preferred informal help to address their issues of domestic violence. Some of the other respondents argued that it was out of shame and lack of language skills According to Gill 2004 in other BME communities, telling is immoral and shameful than the violence. This dishonour the family by making public something that is felt out to remain private. Therefore, cultural influence is a barrier that prevents women to leave their violent partners.
This research project examines domestic violence of Black minority ethnic women in United Kingdom and their lived experiences. This research hopes to create awareness among BME women experiencing domestic violence considering that the number of BME communities in England and Wales has increased from 6 per cent in 1991 to 19.5 per cent in 2011 (Office for National Statistics, 2014). Then it will go on to assess effects of domestic violence and its impacts on BME women. Further, it will also identify the barriers that precludes the victims from leaving abusive relationships with the perpetrators. Studies have shown that while some victims admit abuse in in BME communities, they are unwilling to not only report but also reluctant to leave the perpetrators for cultural reasons (Siddiqui, 2016). In other situations, the victims will take a long time to come out and report abuses, and by the time they do, the abuse has taken a toll on them both emotionally and physically, at least in most cases. Despite the existence of state policy and legislations to alleviate the situation of domestic violence on BME women, there are still instances of victims concealing the perpetrators and exhibiting reluctance to leave abusive relationships (Anthias, 2014). Besides legislations and legal systems implemented by the United Kingdom government like the Serious Crime Act 2015, there are also support agencies that can help BME women such as Women’s aid UK and BAWSO (Gill and Anitha, 2017). Notwithstanding the existence of statutory systems for support and reporting domestic abuse among the BME communities, there are still incidences of bureaucracy in these systems that rolls back the milestones achieved in the fight against domestic violence. This research will focus on the challenges the victims face when attempting to access legal and support systems. This research also aims to find out how perpetrators influence the victims not to leave them, the threats from the family, community and even those in support agencies such as interpreters. The study will examine data from four primary research papers where most of the participants have had an experience of domestic violence as immigrants. Additionally, this paper will outline the limitations of previous research on the same subject in relation to the drawbacks of the informal help, culture and language barrier.
A study by the Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research carried in 2015 suggests that language and communication is a major challenge to provision of services to BME communities (Femi-Ajao, Kendal and Lovell, 2018). Although this particular research was specifically targeting Nottingham, it largely reflects the scenario in the rest of the UK. In 2012 Black Association of Women Step Out (BAWSO) reported that there are a number of women who have migrated into the UK but cannot communicate effectively in English being that it is not their first language (Bagness and Donovan, 2016). This has undermined the efforts to have such women who face domestic violence to access tailored support. Because, such victims cannot communicate to the support services providers, they are at a greater risk of repetitive abuse by perpetrators who take advantage of such barriers. Language difficulty has been highlighted as a significant factor for the low uptake of support services among BME communities (Almark et al., 2010). Groups with language barriers therefore prefer approaching care providers that can understand their language and may sometimes avoid those that may require the services of an interpreter to e explain their issues. The use of interpreters although helpful, can dilute and fail to properly convey emotional abuse on the part of the victim. Therefore, the failure to incorporate language in communication of campaigns, support and health materials will exclude a substantial number of women within the BME groups who may have challenges with the English language. There have also been instances of care providers that are insensitive to the language barriers present in BME communities. When such barriers are not acknowledge by the care providers, it leads to mistrust by the victims who are in need of help. As a result most women in need of support have in most cases turned to their religious leaders as the first stop regarding domestic abuse and health matters (Anthias, 2014). The inclination towards religious leaders is caused by the fact that they understand their language and can relate to their troubles. This has been the case for BME women especially those of Sikh, Hindu and Muslim heritage (Arafat, 2016).
Domestic violence in BME communities has been exacerbated by cultural practices that in many ways condone and promote the vice. Research shows that women from BME groups are at a greater risk of suffering abuse from family members and from intimate relationships (Femi-Ajao, 2018). Some cultural practices supported by the community and family members make it extremely difficult for victims to come out in fear of ostracization and stigma. In extreme cases, women who have been brave to report and leave abusive relationships have subsequently been punished by their family and community, according their customs. Consequently, some cultures have been a barriers to helping women overcome domestic violence. In light of the above, there are culture specific practices that have been used in BME communities to frustrate alleviation efforts. Practices like female genital mutilation, forced marriages and honour based violence are identified as the key challenges. In some cultures, a woman who reports domestic violence or leaves their abusive family is taken to have dishonoured the name and reputation of the family and must therefore be punished (Gill and Anitha, 2017). Still, women who have decide to identify as of a different sexual orientation have also been victims of domestic violence as a result of strong cultural beliefs. It becomes even more difficult where these vices are not reported by victims who suffer silently under pressure from their family or community. Unfortunately, perpetrators of domestic violence in BME communities are also aware of these challenges. Thus, they take advantage of the same to take complete control of their victims since they are aware that the community and family will support their actions. They continue to suppress the rights of women who are incapable and afraid of family backlash for going against their ‘values’ (Siddiqui, 2016). Again, certain cultures has created scenarios where it is only men who provide for the family. Hence, a victim who is dependent on the perpetrator for her daily needs is left with little choice. They would rather stick with the devils known to them than the alien angels.
The number of BME community immigrants in the UK has increased steadily for the past two decades. People are moving to the UK mostly in pursuit of a better life and to provide for themselves and their families. Majority of women in BME groups are dependent on men even as immigrants in the UK (Siddiqui, 2016). This dependency scenario creates a loophole for perpetrators who take advantage to abuse their partners. A victim who depends on the abuser for food and upkeep is likely to endure the violence for fear of being thrown out and not having a place to run to for help and support (Femi-Ajao, Kendal and Lovell, 2018). Again as immigrant, most BME women are ignorant of existence of support services that can help them leave and bring to book the perpetrators. In addition to the above, BME women whose citizenship depends on their marriage to perpetrators are more than unlikely to come out or seek support. This is because of the fear of retaliation by divorce thus leaving them in an immigration crisis. Social isolation becomes a problem where one is an immigrant and they do not speak English (Anitha, 2011). They are therefore disadvantaged in terms of seeking support from care services. The case of undocumented immigrants is even more serious. Women within this insecure immigration status may not seek help from the authorities for fear of arrest and deportation to their home countries. Asylum seeking women in BME communities also face similar challenges since their grounds can be rejected by the Home Office and subsequently be returned to the dangerous situations they had escaped. In the same breath, government actions on immigrants like the ‘Windrush Scandal’ has led to loss of jobs, deportation and detention (Batty, 2019). Such government actions have only made worse, the situation of women in BME communities.
The dissertation has found that Black ethnic minority women still experience domestic violence regardless of the environment they are. It is demonstrated that factors such as economic and social status play a role in causing the violence but not entirely. Literature has made it clear that the BME women are more likely to experience domestic violence in a major receiving country because of acculturation thus leading to changes of cultures from their country of origin to the state of destination. The studies found the difficult ways which women from BME communities become systematically disadvantaged because of their status in the United Kingdom thus needing support and legal services. Moreover, it was found that BME women often encounter additional barriers in seeking help (Hester et al., 1996; Batsleer, 2002). Many obstacles were identified where three key issues were repeatedly identified as having an impact on BME women experiencing domestic violence including immigration, language, and culture. Most of the participants in these studies encountered domestic violence as a result of these barriers. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that BME women experience rejection from their communities if they talk about domestic violence mainly from their families and friends. This worsens women’s fear of isolation hence preventing them from walking out of violent relationships. The study has noted that accounts of violence against BME women are strikingly similar across different cultures with features such as differences about dowry and forced marriages. Therefore, there is a need for theories to move past the simple description of violence against women in their homes and take into consideration the intersection of class and race to provide the relevant services for these black minority women. The government should also extend legislation of domestic violence to encompass all women who are abused including immigrant women as well as introduce protection for them. Furthermore, there is a need to improve training and awareness for practitioners on responses that are culturally sensitive to domestic violence against women in black minority ethnic groups. Lastly, research on domestic violence in the UK, particularly on violence in black minority ethnic groups, should focus on the on variations among different groups because “ethnic lumbing” tend to ignore diversity in the broader black ethnic minority group.
Anthias, F. (2014). The intersections of class, gender, sexuality and ‘race’: The political economy of gendered violence. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 27(2), 153-171.
Crenshaw, K. (2018). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics [1989]. In Feminist legal theory (pp. 57-80). Routledge.
Grossman, S. F., & Lundy, M. (2007). Domestic violence across race and ethnicity: Implications for social work practice and policy. Violence Against Women, 13(10), 1029-1052.
Hague, G., Thiara, R., & Mullender, A. (2010). Disabled women, domestic violence and social care: the risk of isolation, vulnerability and neglect. British Journal of Social Work, 41(1), 148-165.
Imkaan Report. (2015). State of the Sector: Contextualizing the current experiences of BME ending violence against women and girls organizations. Imkaan
Legal Services Commission Report. (2009). Domestic Abuse-Access to Justice: Report on Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) Women, Domestic Abuse and Access to Legal aid. Legal Services Commission
Bettany-Saltikov, J. (2012). How To Do A Systematic Literature Review In Nursing: A Step-By-Step Guide: A Step by Step Guide. London : Mc Graw and Hill.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage.
Jones, M. (2004, November). Application of systematic review methods to qualitative research: practical issues. J Adv Nurs., 48(3), 271-278.
Morgan, D. L. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1, 48–76.
Opoku, A., Ahmed, V., & Akotia, J. (2016). Choosing Appropriate Methodology and Method. In V. Ahmed, A. Opoku, & Z. Aziz (Eds.), Research Methodology in the Built Environment: A Selection of Case Studies (pp. 32-50). Oxon: Routledge.
Thomas, J., & Harden, A. (2008). Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8, 45.
Wilson, J. (2014). Essentials of Business Research: A Guide to Doing Your Research Project . London: Sage .
Cara J. Pearson, PhD, MPH, CHP ,Battered women justice Introduction and overview of the National domestic violence published( February 2008)
Gill, A., 2004.Voicing the silent fear: South Asian women’s experiences of domestic violence The Howard journal 43(5),456-483
Menjivar ,C and Salcidor,O Immigrant Women and Domestic Violence: Common experiences in different countries Gender and society vol 16 ,No .6 (Dec .,2002) pp898-920 Sage publicatons,Inc
Siddiqui, H., 2005.There is no honour in domestic violence only shame, women struggles against honour crimes in the UK London: Zed Books,263-281
Anitha, S. (2011). Legislating gender inequalities: The nature and patterns of domestic violence experienced by South Asian women with insecure immigration status in the United Kingdom. Violence Against Women, 17(10), 1260-1285.
Arafat, N. M. (2016). Language, culture and mental health: A study exploring the role of the transcultural mental health worker in Sheffield, UK. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health, 9(1), 71-95.
Femi-Ajao, O. (2018). Intimate partner violence and abuse against Nigerian women resident in England, UK: a cross-sectional qualitative study. BMC women's health, 18(1), 123.
Femi-Ajao, O., Kendal, S., & Lovell, K. (2018). A qualitative systematic review of published work on disclosure and help-seeking for domestic violence and abuse among women from ethnic minority populations in the UK. Ethnicity & health, 1-15.
Thiara, R. K., & Gill, A. K. (2010). Understanding violence against South Asian women. Violence against women in South Asian communities, 29-54.
The concept of socialism is distinguished in the vast field of research that takes various sections like socio-culture, social media, and many other topics. In short, is entitled to broader aspects that require step-by-step formulation, be the standardisation is meant for any. For this, the students can look for Online Assignment Help platforms that work based on the students and help them achieve their academic activities positively. Thus, to get done with the Dissertation Writing Services UK; it is important to simplify the research in such a way that it helps one in accomplishing the goal under the guidance of University Assignment Help writers. The research study is determined with the assistance of the Essay Writing Services participates actively and ensures that the research is framed with scientific outputs.
DISCLAIMER : The dissertation help samples showcased on our website are meant for your review, offering a glimpse into the outstanding work produced by our skilled dissertation writers. These samples serve to underscore the exceptional proficiency and expertise demonstrated by our team in creating high-quality dissertations. Utilise these dissertation samples as valuable resources to enrich your understanding and enhance your learning experience.