Understanding Amplifiers: Building Blocks of Electronics

Task 1.0 Types of Amplifiers

Amplifiers are regarded as part of the most of the significant electronic devices that constitutes the fundamental building block for a range of circuits. Most of the amplifiers exist in different forms and are essentially known for boosting or increasing the power of the signal, which is attained by increasing the amplitude and its strength at the same time. Amplifiers are known to have a range of parameters as well as conditions realized in the course of their operation (Krzczanowicz et al. 2019). Notably, the amplifiers commonly differ in terms of the outstanding characteristics, which are not limited to skew rate, bandwidth, gain, noise, linearity, stability and efficiency among others. The types of amplifiers included in this discussion include the power amplifiers, which cover the Class A, B and AB amplifiers. On the other hand, the operational amplifiers include active filters, summing filters, differential, non-inverting and inverting. Power amplifiers are regarded as part of types of the amplifiers. It is known to be an electronic amplifier said to be designed for the purposes of boosting the magnitude of power associated to the input signal. It is worth noting the power associated to the input signal is fundamentally increased to a significant level that is high enough for the purposes of driving loads linked to the output devices such as RF transmitters, headphones and speakers. The first type of the power amplifiers is the Class A Amplifier, which is known to be a high gain device characterized by linearity. Under this class of the amplifiers, the conduction angle is said to be 360 degrees as the device remains active across the entire time. Perhaps, it is known to be the simplest type of the power amp as a result of the low signal distortion levels. Despite having its own disadvantages, it has never been applied in the high power applications. Outstanding characteristics are not limited to bearing a simple design, high linearity, low efficiency, stable and high heat output (Herceg and Urbanec 2019). The class A amplifiers have found significant application in high sensitivity speakers.

The class B amplifiers are believed to be slightly different from Class-A Amplifiers. This class of amplifiers is commonly created with the help of two active devices known for conducting half the cycle, which is also 180 degree. Each of the two devices is said to cover half the cycle each with efficiency believed to be improved compared to the Class-A amplifiers. This class of amplifiers comprises of both the negative and the positive transistor said to run alternatively. It carries with it a better and more efficient design with a range of characteristics. First, it is known for carrying with it a better efficiency that ranges from 75-78.5%. It is also stable and much reliable while experiencing a lesser heat output. Class B amplifiers are also appropriate for the precise applications and makes the fundamental use of the two complementary transistors (Singh et al. 2019). Notable examples of the class B amplifiers revolve around the push-pull stage, which carries with it the simplified complementary pair. Apparently, the complementary devices are said to be used for the purposes of amplifying the necessary but opposite halves as linked to the input signal. Another class of the amplifiers is the Class AB amplifier, which takes advantage of the combination of Class A as well as Class B of the amplifiers. In this class of amplifiers, it is believed that the conduction angle would be more intermediate between the two classes, with each of the two active elements said to conduct over than half of the needed time. The class AB amplifiers are largely seen as one of the most fundamental compromise for the amplifiers. During operation, each of the devices is believed to work in a more similar manner as it is in Class B for the half of the waveform while conducting only a small amount linked to the remaining half. This limits the region that normally remains nearly off due to the simultaneous coverage of both the devices. The outstanding characteristics for class AB amplifiers include the no crossover distortion, efficiency ranges from 50-60%, linked to the audio amplifier design, and lastly, it takes a combination of the class A as well as class B characteristics.

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Apart from the power amplifiers, it is common to also encounter the operational amplifiers. The operational amplifiers are known to be integrated circuits which behave like voltage amplifiers with differential input. It is worth noting that the operational amplifiers have both the negative and positive input. However, the single output is believed to have a very high gain. The non-inverting amplifier is one of the operational amp circuit configurations known for producing the amplified output signal. The output of this type of an amplifier is believed to be in-phase with the available input signal that is applied to the amplifier (Zoiros 2018). This amplifier behaves the same way like the voltage follower circuit. The input is commonly connected to the ground and the voltage attached to the inverting input terminal set at the ground level as well. The voltage difference across the input terminals ends up more amplified while integrating the concept of the significant virtual ground. Significant characteristics include a positive voltage gain, which is more than one. The voltage gain is largely determined by the choice of resistors, which is still independent of the provided open loop gain. Another type of operational amplifier is the inverting op amp, which is known for producing an output that is fundamentally out of phase compared to the input done at 180 degrees (Krzczanowicz et al. 2019). The inverting amplifiers essentially exhibit the most excellent linear characteristics, which is something that makes them applicable as the DC amplifiers. The summing amplifier is commonly said to be an operational amplifier that considers the combination of the voltages available in two or even more inputs that yield a single voltage output. The summing amplifier is applicable to the audio mixer. On the other hand, the differential amplifiers are engaged in the amplification of the differences between the available two voltages.

Task 2.0 Oscillators

a. Types of feedbacks

There are two important types of feedbacks in the amplifier circuits. The first one is the positive feedback in which the output voltage is said to be routed back to the significant non-inverting input. In the positive feedback, the inverting input is said to be disconnected or delinked from the fundamental feedback loop. It essentially remains free for the purposes of receiving the external voltage. When the inverting input ends up grounded, or maintained at the zero volts, then the output voltage is likely to be dictated or determined by the fundamental magnitude as well as polarity of the concerned voltage attached to the non-inverting input. When the voltage turns positive, then the operational amplifier will be engaged in driving the output positive before feeding the positive voltage back to the available non-inverting input (Bossuet et al. 2016). If the cycle happens, then this would result into the full and positive output saturation. At the same time, if the voltage turns negative, then the operational amplifier output would be engaged in driving the negative direction thereby leading to the full negative saturation. In the positive type of feedback, the output of the circuit is bistable in which one of the states contains either the saturated negative or the saturated negative. In the CE amplifiers, the positive feedback is known for driving the amplifier circuit towards the instability point. This is one factor that makes it less applicable across the control systems due to the fact that it increases what is known as the error signal, which is known for contributing towards instability. The second type of feedback is the negative feedback, which is known to give the opposite value nor phase of the input signal. Perhaps, negative feedback is known for opposing or even subtracting from the available input signals, which is something that is believed to surface a range of the advantages directed to the design as well as stabilization of the available control systems (Jooq et al. 2020). It is worth noting that the negative feedback carries an impact on the input in that it would end up counteracting the change. This means that the feedback would end up reducing the overall gain associated to the system with the rate of reduction being proportional to the open loop gain. The negative feedback equally has an impact on the reduction of distortion, sensitivity and noise while taking note of the external changes and improvement of the system bandwidth.

In addition, the negative feedback still has an outstanding dampening impact on the amplifier. When the output signal experiences an increase in the magnitude, then the feedback signal establishes the decreasing influence to the input attached to the amplifier. If this happens, then the feedback would oppose any changes in the available output signal. Therefore, the negative feedback drives the circuit in the opposite direction as the amplifier approaches the point of stability. When a CE amplifier is equipped with significant amount of the negative feedback, the amplifier not only becomes stable but equally attracts a less distortion of the input waveform. The same advantage is extended to the capacity of amplifying a good range of the frequencies. It is worth noting that the application of the negative feedback largely attracts an improvement of the performance of the circuits. This is due to the fact that negative feedback improves such characteristics like step response, the linearity, gain stability and the frequency response (Harrison et al. 2019). This type of feedback would equally reduce the sensitivity noticed with parameter variations as a result of the environment. Due to this chain of advantages, the negative feedback has attracted a range of applications in amplifiers as well as control systems. The study of circuits further attracts attention towards the use of oscillators, which are known to be circuits that would produce repeated, continuous and the alternating waveform without necessarily having any input. The basic role of oscillators revolves around the conversion of the unidirectional current flow from the DC source to the appropriate alternating waveform that bears the desirable frequency, which is decided by the significant circuit components. The electronic oscillators can equally be classified as non-linear and linear oscillators. Under these two main categories, there are still a good range of the oscillators that attract a range of the applications (Woszidlo et al. 2019). The first type is the Hartley oscillator in which the oscillations are fundamentally dictated by tuned circuit. The tuned circuit carries with it the inductor and the capacitor. Pertinent applications of the Hartley oscillators include the production of the desirable range of the frequencies.

The oscillators are also used in the radio frequency that range from 30 MHz. Another type of the oscillators is the Colpitts oscillator, which takes into considerati0on the fundamental combination of the capacitor and inductor. The outstanding features of this type of oscillators include the feedback assigned to the active devices and the involvement of the voltage divider. Most of the Colpitts circuits constitute the gain devices as seen with the vacuum tubes, operational amplifier, the bipolar junction as well as the field effect transistor. It is worth noting that the output is essentially linked to the input attached to the feedback loop with a parallel tuned circuit. Significant applications include generation of the sinusoidal output signals characterized by high frequencies. The oscillator is equally applied both in mobile as well as radio communications (Abuelma’atti 2017). Another type of the oscillators include the multiwave oscillator, which is known for having the capacity of sending as well as receiving vibratory information. Most of the multiwave oscillators are believed to be experimental. Significant applications of the multiwave include the healing action and the healing process. Other types of the oscillators include the Armstrong oscillator, which is also the LC electronic oscillator that takes the advantageous use of the capacitor and an inductor. This type of oscillator is said to have the feedback signals that are needed in producing magnetic oscillations. Another range of the oscillators include the RC Phase Shift Oscillator, the Dynatron Oscillator and Meisner Oscillator.

Identifying Manufacturers data sheet and Interpretation

i. Diodes
Identifying Manufacturers data sheet and Interpretation
ii. Transistors
Transistors
iii. Operational Amplifier
Operational Amplifier
iv. Power Supply Circuit
Power Supply Circuit
v. Transistor amplifier Circuit
Transistor amplifier Circuit
vi. Oscillators
Transistor amplifier Circuit

Part B: Test results and circuits

i. Diodes
a. Rectifier Diode

Normal operations

Transistor amplifier Circuit

Measured values in the laboratory

Transistor amplifier Circuit
b. SCR
dissertationhomework

Table for Normal Operation

Table for Normal Operation

Table for measured values in the laboratory

Table for measured values in the laboratory
ii. Bipolar Transistors

Table for Normal Operation

Table for Normal Operation

Measured Values in the Laboratory

Measured Values in the Laboratory
iii. Operating amplifier
Operating amplifier

Normal Operation

Normal Operation

Measured Values in the Laboratory

Measured Values in the Laboratory
iv. Power supply circuit
Power supply circuit

Normal Operation Table

Normal Operation Table

Measured Values in the Laboratory

Measured Values in the Laboratory
v. Transistor amplifier circuit
Transistor amplifier circuit Order Now

Normal Operation

Normal Operation

Measured Values in the Laboratory

Measured Values in the Laboratory
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References

Abuelma’atti, M.T., 2017. Recent developments in current-mode sinusoidal oscillators: circuits and active elements. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 42(7), pp.2583-2614.

Harrison, J.N., Avaga Technologies International Sales Pte Ltd, 2019. Radio frequency feedback power amplifiers. U.S. Patent 10,263,568.

Herceg, E. and Urbanec, T., 2019, April. Comparison of Class C and High Efficiency Class E Amplifiers at 435 MHz. In 2019 29th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

Jooq, M.K.Q., Mir, A., Mirzakuchaki, S. and Farmani, A., 2020. Design and performance analysis of wrap-gate CNTFET-based ring oscillators for IoT applications. Integration, 70, pp.116-125.

Krzczanowicz, L., Iqbal, M.A., Al-Khateeb, M.A., Phillips, I.D., Harper, P. and Forysiak, W., 2019, July. Recent Advances in Discrete Raman Amplifiers and their Applications to Wideband Optical Networks. In 2019 21st International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

Singh, K., Goel, K., Bhatia, K.S. and Ryait, H.S., 2019. Investigations of Different Amplifiers in 16× 40 Gb/S WDM System. Journal of Optical Communications, 40(4), pp.341-346.

Woszidlo, R., Ostermann, F. and Schmidt, H.J., 2019. Fundamental properties of fluidic oscillators for flow control applications. AIAA Journal, 57(3), pp.978-992.

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